Naturally Happy Dogs ®

This quaint little dog with its captivating monkey-like expression, is one of the oldest Toy dogs in Europe, dating back to about the seventeenth century. Also known as the Black Devil, he originated in Germany. Some think he is descended from wire-coated terrier types of the Nordic dogs of which he is a miniature, while others see in the Affenpinscher something of the pug-like dogs from Asia that are found in Europe. He has a rough, harsh-textured coat that requires very little care and no trimming. Dark, sparkling eyes, set off by a halo of hair that stands away from his face, give him his unique expression. Full of mischief, he is a lively little character, very affectionate, and his comical antics make him a most amusing companion. He adapts to city or country living, and is an ideal size for house or flat.

Glamour in the dog world comes in many forms, but the Afghan must be in the top ten of anybody's list. The breed standard talks of strength and dignity as well as an Oriental expression with which the dog looks at and through any stranger. The silky coat is to many the greatest attraction of the breed, but those in the show ring look the way they do only because someone has regularly put a great deal of experienced effort into grooming. One of the typical sighthounds of the world, the Afghan " who, as his name implies, comes from the mountains of Afghanistan " is a hunter and will chase electric hare or the neighbour's cat, so basic training, especially the re-call, is not easily accomplished. The first Afghans arrived in Britain in the early 1900s and one, called Zardin, won in spectacular style at the 1907 Crystal Palace show. The breed is also known as the Tazi, supporting its resemblance to a Russian breed of that name. Temperamentally the Afghan has a tendency to be aloof with those he doesn't know, but has great affection and faithfulness for his owner.

The Airedale is also known as the King of Terriers: he is the largest of all the terrier breeds and encompasses all the characteristics of this group of dogs. He is a native of Great Britain, from the county of Yorkshire, and it is reputed that the Airedale Show gave the breed its name. Many 'Waterside Terriers' from the valleys of the rivers Wharfe, Calder and Aire were exhibited at this show, making up a large entry. The Airedale has remarkable scenting powers and has been used in Africa, India and Canada for tracking. He has also aided the Red Cross in times of war and has seen service with police and in the armed forces of both Britain and Russia. He is an excellent family dog, particularly good with children and always ready to join in their games. Not aggressive by nature but protective of his family, he is a devoted companion, ready for a walk at any time or even a ride in the car. His double coat is waterproof and a daily brush and comb will keep him looking smart. However, he will shed his coat twice a year, and on these occasions it is advisable to have him professionally stripped. Provided he has daily exercise he is suitable for either town or country life.

The most popular breed in his native Japan, the Akita is a large, upstanding, dignified dog, whose proud head carriage and stance is enhanced by his small, triangular ears and dark eyes. His strong body is balanced by his large, full tail, which curls to meet his back. The Akita Inu (meaning 'large dog') traces its origins back many centuries to the polar regions, from where Spitz-type dogs found their way to the northern mountainous areas of Japan. The largest and most powerful were used for breeding, and the Akita emerged some 300 years ago. He was developed originally as a fighting dog, but was diverted into hunting for black bear, wild boar and deer. He comes in a variety of brilliant and clear colours, often set off by a facial mask or blaze. His impressive appearance is matched by his strength and character, which is reserved and quiet but dominant over other dogs. He makes an excellent guard, but would not be the best companion for an audacious terrier. Devoted and protective towards his owners, he is also very affectionate.

Hailing from the rugged western area of Alaska, and taking his name from the Mahlemut peoples of the region, this dog has had to be hardy to stay alive. He is a really big dog, the male weighing well over 50 kilograms (110 pounds) and standing up to 71 centimetres (28 inches) at the shoulder. His purpose in life is to pull sledges, and he can cope with prodigious loads, though he is not designed to be a racer. Although he is a truly handsome fellow, he does not have the spectacular glamour of his smaller sledding cousins. The Malamute is a Nordic-type dog who moved into the northern Polar regions when people began to occupy the land. The Mahlemut tribes were a hard-working and skilled Inuit (Eskimo) race who loved and cared for their dogs, which were first discovered by settlers in the 1750s. Though breed type was nearly lost by crossing with faster animals for sled racing, some Inuit continued to breed to type. Eventually promotion of the pure-bred Malamute was taken up by the American fancy. His coat is thick in the coarse outer guard coat and in the woolly undercoat, so he doesn't notice the cold and will curl up and sleep in a blizzard that would send lesser canines running for shelter. Not only massively built, the Malamute is also dignified; this does not mean he lacks a sense of play, but he sometimes doesn't know his own strength. If he takes off after another dog, his handler needs good brakes. Being large, he requires plenty of food for energy. Though he is not particularly fleet of foot, he likes his exercise and is not a dog for the lazy.

This is a tall dog although of mastiff type. The largest males will measure as much as 81 centimetres (32 inches) and weigh in the true heavyweight range. Prized by the shepherds of his native Turkey for his faithful devotion to his role as a flock-guard, he must present an awesome sight to marauders, whether wolves or men. Despite his purpose in life, he can be a remarkably gentle animal in firm hands. The breed descends directly from the ancient mastiff and flock-guarding dogs of the Middle East and has a strong scenting power. Tough and long lived, he often works until well into old age. His relatively short, thick coat is not difficult to keep clean, and in spite of his size he is remarkably agile. A breed that requires sensible exercise and that stands up to variations of weather well.

A medium-sized dog, greatly prized in his native Australia for his working ability, he is used for the control and movement of cattle in all environments. He is also known as the Australian Heeler, a name derived from the manner in which he manoeuvres cattle, crouching low behind them and nipping them on the heels. A dog of great stamina and endurance, he is wary of strangers, and protective of his herd and property. He requires plenty of exercise to keep him in hard muscular condition, is very alert, and has an implicit devotion to duty. The breed was created from intensive and careful crossbreeding when it was found that imported herding dogs could not control tough cattle on long treks to market. Behind the Australian Cattle Dog are breeds such as the Dingo, the Kelpie, the Dalmatian and the Bull Terrier, but the breed has been purebred since the mid-1890s.

The Australian Shepherd Dog does not originate from Australia, but in fact is a product of the USA, his origins going back to the Basque/Spanish sheepdogs. Basque shepherds emigrated to Australia in the latter part of the nineteenth century taking their 'blue' dogs with them. When they then went on to the Americas, the dogs travelled as well, hence the Americans' naming of them. Built on powerful lines, this breed can turn his very intelligent mind to obedience, agility and tracking as well as to his basic role as a worker on farm or ranch. He has already made himself a wide circle of friends since he first appeared in the UK. His intelligence, high energy levels and tendency to be territorial demand a committed owner, willing to devote the time and energy required to provide him with proper training and lots of exercise.

As his name implies, this dog originated in Australia, and at one time was known as the 'Sydney Silky'. A certain MacArthur Little was an early prominent breeder and when he moved to Sydney with his kennel of dogs the name Sydney Silky was born. Although he is in the Toy Group, the Australian Silky Terrier is far from being a quiet little lap dog. His background is a mixture of Australian and Yorkshire Terriers, and he retains many of the qualities of these breeds. He is friendly but independent, smart and curious, energetic, affectionate, and has lots of stamina. He was bred as a household pet, and he fills this role admirably. His long glossy coat is easy to look after: a few minutes' daily brushing, with a quick comb and parting down the back, is sufficient to ensure a well-groomed appearance.

The origins of the Australian Terrier are said to have been along similar lines to those of the Australian Silky Terrier, which is in the Toy Group. Like the latter, he was developed in the nineteenth century by Australians using native British terrier breeds. The likely antecedents of the Australian Terrier are Scottish and north of England terriers taken out by early settlers. The Australian Terrier gained approval in Britain in 1936. The Australian Terrier is a very popular breed in the country from which he derives his name, and comes in two distinct colours " blue and tan, and all red. As puppies, the blue and tan often carry a blue-black coat, which changes in colour when the puppy is about nine months old. A cheerful, lively, smart little dog, he has a rugged 'hard-bitten' appearance, partly derived from the expression and size of his dark, keen eyes. He has a ready-for anything approach to life and enjoys exercise and plenty of play. He makes a good house-dog, and is watchful and vociferous at the approach of strangers. All in all, the 'Aussie' is a good family dog.

The Azawakh shares some of his heritage with the other sighthounds like the Afghan, the Saluki and the Sloughi. This is an ancient breed, very probably of oriental origin and popular with the nomadic tribes of the Sahara. He takes his name from the Azawakh Valley which lies in the Niger Basin. As sighthounds they were used especially on gazelle, hunting in packs and taking turns at the chase and so exhausting their prey. Back at the nomadic camp, their alert and sensitive nature was invaluable in guarding both their owners and their cattle against predators and intruders. The nomads valued their Azawakhs not only as sighthounds but as a showpiece. They are particularly leggy and elegant and perhaps the most “extreme” of the sighthounds in their conformation, with their slender build, prominent hip bones and sloping croup and their distinctive cut up underline. Like the other sighthounds, the Azawakh is sensitive, perhaps even more than his relatives. He is rather aloof and independent, but develops a great devotion to owner and those he regards as family. Undeniably elegant and exotic, the breed is highly alert and sensitive. As a sighthound he is athletic and needs plenty of exercise. These factors should be paramount considerations for those who consider taking up the breed.

History tells us that this fascinating dog was a palace dog of the Pharaohs, and for proof offers paintings of the dogs in ancient tombs, to which the modern version certainly bears a striking resemblance. In the seventeenth century, they were sighted in the Congo, and it is from there that they have been imported to Britain. A first pair arrived in Britain in 1936 and these produced the first English litter. The next year, when the puppies were exhibited at Crufts, police were required to keep the crowds on the move, so great was the interest in the breed. The Basenji is clean in both outline and habits " cat-like in the way in which he cleans his feet, and odourless " thus making him a perfect household companion. He is known as the 'barkless dog' " a unique characteristic of the breed " and expresses his pleasure with a crowing-yodelling noise. The wrinkles on his head give him a quizzical expression. He is curious, self-confident and friendly, and becomes very attached to his human family.

France has many breeds of hounds, several of which have been imported to Britain. The Basset Bleu de Gascogne is the most recent of these. Hounds from a particular part of France tend to come in several sizes, such as Basset (which means short legged), Petit and Grand. As his name suggests, the Basset Bleu de Gascogne comes from Gascony in southwest France. He is less well known than the Grand Bleu de Gascogne and was not recognised by the Kennel Club until the 1990s. The black mottling on the white base colour produces the 'blue' colour. There are also usually solid black markings and always the tan spots above each eye that give the distinctive 'four-eyed' effect. Equally distinctive is the sonorous noise he makes. He nearly became extinct in his native land in the early 1900s, but was recreated using some larger Bleu de Gascogne. He is an enthusiastic, if slow, hunter but, like most hounds, he should not expected to be very obedient, especially in the presence of interesting scents. A French enthusiast, wrote in 1911: 'For the old huntsman riddled with gout or rheumatism preventing him hunting à courre, it is with a few couples of these little hounds he will discover his youth.'

This neat little hound comes, as his names implies, from France. A recent arrival in Britain, he is already gaining in popularity because he is lively and friendly and also a handy size, suitable for the small house and garden. The breed was probably created from crosses of the Griffon Fauve de Bretagne and Brittany Basset. The former was a dog that could track down predators molesting flocks of French sheep and the latter hunted in small packs, normally of four in number. His reddish fawn coat is wiry in texture and not overlong, so grooming is not a great chore. He is a tough little character, ready for all the exercise he's given, though woe betide any rabbits unwise enough to loiter in the area when he's about, because he really is nimble. His legs are slightly shorter than the length of his back, but he is not as low to ground as his countryman the Basset Hound.

Arriving from France in 1990, the 'Grand', as his devotees call him, is described as 'low to ground', hence the Basset in his full name, which is customarily shortened to GBGV. He hunts rabbit and hare and uses his very efficient nose to keep him on track. He is perhaps somewhat taller than he appears from a distance and is not just a different form of the Petit Basset. The GBGV is a chap with a sense of humour and delights in joining in with human activity, although, being a true hound, he has a tendency to be hard of hearing when it suits him! He is a canine escapologist; his owner's garden requires an intensity of attention to boundary maintenance. He needs regular grooming of an unfussy nature. He eats well and uncritically, he has a prodigious voice, and he has stamina. This is a breed that will recruit many disciples; both existing breeders and future devotees will need to ensure that it is not spoilt by too much popularity in its early years here.

The length of this hound's breed name has led to it being generally abbreviated to PBGV. Still relatively rare outside the show ring, since being introduced from France in 1969, he has attracted many devotees from other breeds. Though low to the ground, as denoted by the term 'Basset', he is a balanced dog, extremely active and demonstrating soundness on the move. A typical hound, he needs a lot of exercise, and a fair amount of grooming. His happy, extrovert temperament helps make him a breed for the healthy, fun-loving family.

Depicted by cartoonists the world over as a kindly but worried canine buffoon, the Basset deserves his popularity as a family dog. Happy by the fireside or on the moors, he is a dog capable of hunting his natural prey, the hare, persistently at a relatively slow pace over prodigious distances. The Basset was reputedly bred by monks in France in the Middle Ages to hunt in heavy cover and is able to hold its nose close to the ground. Though closely related to the entire family of French Bassets, the breed was developed to perfection in Britain. Standing only 38 centimetres (15 inches) at the shoulder, but weighing some 32 kilograms (70 pounds), he can present quite a problem if he has to be picked up to be put into the back of a hatchback. His skin, especially on his head, is rather wrinkled, and his ears, which are set low, should be long, reaching beyond the length of his muzzle. He loves to paddle his way through the wet and mud of a winter field, but he cleans up remarkably easily because of his short, close coat. He is possessed of a deep, sonorous bark, which might suggest he is unfriendly, but nothing could be further from the truth. He has not gained the army of friends he has without good cause.

An elegant and athletic hound that originates from Bavaria, Germany, where he is known as the Bayerische Gebirgsschweisshund. He was originally bred to be a light agile hound for use in the region's mountainous areas. He is a working breed that specialises in tracking wounded large game, such as deer and wild boar, and is valued throughout the world for his superb ability and commitment when working on cold scent, being able to follow individual game animals over huge distances many hours after the trail has been left. He is a medium-sized hound with a short, tight, shiny coat, usually characterised by a darker mask on the head and ears. A very loyal dog and slightly aloof with strangers, he makes a good family dog and is child friendly. He requires plenty of exercise for his mind and body and is an easily maintained dog with few known health problems.

The Beagle is one of the most popular of the hounds, both in the show ring and as a family companion, and still retains his natural hunting instinct. He was bred to hunt with men on foot, preferably after the hare. He is still used in packs, very often organised by institutions, including colleges and schools, but it is as a first-class family pet that he really makes his mark. A bustling, eager little dog, full of enthusiasm and vigour, ever ready for any activity that involves him. Sturdy, bold and active, he is the very essence of quality, and is blessed with an equable and merry temperament. His head is powerful but his expression benign and there is usually a most definite difference between the dogs and bitches. Everything about the breed gives the impression of athleticism and there is no better sight than a Beagle pack in full pursuit, their heads down to the scent, their sterns up in rigid order as they concentrate on the chase. This instinct is mimicked in his everyday behaviour in the park: the man with the lead in his hand and no dog in sight owns a Beagle. An easy dog to keep, the beagle can get as muddy as he likes but cleans up with a sponge and water, and dries off his short dense coat in a trice. During the reigns of King Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I there were wirehaired Beagles, some of which were small enough to be carried in the pocket of a hunting jacket. Size has increased over the years but smaller versions of the breed, called 'pocket Beagles', can still be born.

There is mention of a breed resembling the Bearded Collie in Scottish records dating back to around the sixteenth century. He has long been known in Scotland and Northern England where he was bred for herding sheep. Some 500 years ago, dogs that were also said to be the forerunners of the Polish Lowland Sheepdog were abandoned on the shores of Scotland and these bred with native herding dogs. A look at the Polish Lowland will show similarities. But the Bearded Collie as we know it today owes most of what we have to G. Olive Willison who, in the 1940s, came into possession of a Beardie puppy called Jeannie. After searching, she found a mate for Jeannie, a dog called Bailey, and her Bothkennar kennels set the mould for today's Bearded Collies. The 'Beardie', as he is affectionately known, is a hardy dog with a lovable temperament. His handy size and adaptability, combined with workmanlike qualities, have given him a following far outside the farming community. Ideally suited to life in the country, with a double weather-resistant coat and active nature, he is a happy dog, neither timid nor aggressive. Ready to join in any activity, he has an enquiring expression that seems to ask' Well, what shall we do now?' Gentle, and good with children and adults, he makes an ideal member of a fun-loving family.

The Beauceron, as its name suggests, originates from the French Plains of Beauce. It has been seen in the United Kingdom before, but was reintroduced in 1995. The French also refer to the breed by the familiar name of Bas Rouge (Red Stockings). He is an extremely agile and active dog, used extensively as a livestock herder and guarder, and seems to have a very good memory to add to his working ability. He doesn't appreciate harsh handling, but is tolerant by nature and is gentle with children, which is just as well as the male can reach a height of 70 centimetres (27.5 inches) and is solid to boot. He takes to dogs he knows, but is not enthusiastic about intruders. He obviously needs plenty of exercise and reacts well to training. He comes in black and tan markings, or as a harlequin pattern, where the base colour is grey with black and rust torn patches.

This unique breed has a lamb-like look about it, but don't be fooled: this North Country dog is a terrier through and through. Originally his role was to catch rabbits for the family pot, and a sporting dog he still remains. It is claimed that the Bedlington can boast a longer traceable pedigree than any other terrier. Hailing from the former mining areas of the north of England, he was once known as the Rothbury Terrier. His fame spread outside his native region and an association was started for the breed in 1877. One of the features peculiar to this breed is the coat, which is described as 'linty', and his neat outline does require regular trimming. His expression may be mild, but he is quite capable of fending for himself, although he will not seek a scrap. He is a tough little dog, good in the house, and makes a delightful family pet.

This is a breed that comes in four varieties. As far as the physical characteristics are concerned, the breed standards are identical except for coat, which varies in colour, texture and length. The varieties are the Groenendael, the Laekenois, the Malinois and the Tervueren, each named according to its Belgian region of origin. These sheepdogs date back to the Middle Ages, but the different varieties were not distinguished until 1891, when Professor Adolphe Reul of the Belgian Veterinary School established the standards for the types. A restaurant owner is credited with fostering the Groenendael; a brewer who first whelped a litter from a mating of two longhaired black-tipped fawns produced the Tervueren; the Malinois takes its name from Malines; and the Laekenois comes from Boom, near Antwerp, taking its name from the Château de Laeken, a royal residence of Queen Marie Henriette, whose favourite variety was the Laekenois. The Groenendael is fundamentally longhaired and with a black harsh-textured coat; the Laekenois, as yet the rarest variety in the UK, has a pretty, short, wiry type of coat that is reddish fawn in colour; the Malinois is possessed of a shortish firm-textured coat, which may be red, fawn or grey with a black overlay; while the Tervueren, now the most rapidly increasing of the four, has the same range of colouring as the Malinois, but with an outer coat that is long, straight and abundant. The varieties are described as both sheepdogs and guards. They are essentially graceful without being too refined. They give the appearance of being purposeful creatures, and their somewhat laconic gait clause, 'brisk, free and even' does not give the full flavour of their unique mode of progression, which is one of efficiency above all, with a high style. It is continually a matter of debate whether we should take what is in truth a working breed and try to turn it into a family companion/pet, but it has been done in many breeds in the past, especially the recent past, and this applies equally to the Belgian Shepherd. Provided owners do not lose sight of the fact that these are active animals requiring adequate exercise, both physical and mental, little harm is done. But, as in many other working breeds, we must never lose sight of the history of service of the Belgian Shepherd Dog, or we shall find ourselves with dogs whose basic temperaments have been changed for the worse and out of all recognition.

This is a breed that comes in four varieties. As far as the physical characteristics are concerned, the breed standards are identical except for coat, which varies in colour, texture and length. The varieties are the Groenendael, the Laekenois, the Malinois and the Tervueren, each named according to its Belgian region of origin. These sheepdogs date back to the Middle Ages, but the different varieties were not distinguished until 1891, when Professor Adolphe Reul of the Belgian Veterinary School established the standards for the types. A restaurant owner is credited with fostering the Groenendael; a brewer who first whelped a litter from a mating of two longhaired black-tipped fawns produced the Tervueren; the Malinois takes its name from Malines; and the Laekenois comes from Boom, near Antwerp, taking its name from the Château de Laeken, a royal residence of Queen Marie Henriette, whose favourite variety was the Laekenois. The Groenendael is fundamentally longhaired and with a black harsh-textured coat; the Laekenois, as yet the rarest variety in the UK, has a pretty, short, wiry type of coat that is reddish fawn in colour; the Malinois is possessed of a shortish firm-textured coat, which may be red, fawn or grey with a black overlay; while the Tervueren, now the most rapidly increasing of the four, has the same range of colouring as the Malinois, but with an outer coat that is long, straight and abundant. The varieties are described as both sheepdogs and guards. They are essentially graceful without being too refined. They give the appearance of being purposeful creatures, and their somewhat laconic gait clause, 'brisk, free and even' does not give the full flavour of their unique mode of progression, which is one of efficiency above all, with a high style. It is continually a matter of debate whether we should take what is in truth a working breed and try to turn it into a family companion/pet, but it has been done in many breeds in the past, especially the recent past, and this applies equally to the Belgian Shepherd. Provided owners do not lose sight of the fact that these are active animals requiring adequate exercise, both physical and mental, little harm is done. But, as in many other working breeds, we must never lose sight of the history of service of the Belgian Shepherd Dog, or we shall find ourselves with dogs whose basic temperaments have been changed for the worse and out of all recognition.

This is a breed that comes in four varieties. As far as the physical characteristics are concerned, the breed standards are identical except for coat, which varies in colour, texture and length. The varieties are the Groenendael, the Laekenois, the Malinois and the Tervueren, each named according to its Belgian region of origin. These sheepdogs date back to the Middle Ages, but the different varieties were not distinguished until 1891, when Professor Adolphe Reul of the Belgian Veterinary School established the standards for the types. A restaurant owner is credited with fostering the Groenendael; a brewer who first whelped a litter from a mating of two longhaired black-tipped fawns produced the Tervueren; the Malinois takes its name from Malines; and the Laekenois comes from Boom, near Antwerp, taking its name from the Château de Laeken, a royal residence of Queen Marie Henriette, whose favourite variety was the Laekenois. The Groenendael is fundamentally longhaired and with a black harsh-textured coat; the Laekenois, as yet the rarest variety in the UK, has a pretty, short, wiry type of coat that is reddish fawn in colour; the Malinois is possessed of a shortish firm-textured coat, which may be red, fawn or grey with a black overlay; while the Tervueren, now the most rapidly increasing of the four, has the same range of colouring as the Malinois, but with an outer coat that is long, straight and abundant. The varieties are described as both sheepdogs and guards. They are essentially graceful without being too refined. They give the appearance of being purposeful creatures, and their somewhat laconic gait clause, 'brisk, free and even' does not give the full flavour of their unique mode of progression, which is one of efficiency above all, with a high style. It is continually a matter of debate whether we should take what is in truth a working breed and try to turn it into a family companion/pet, but it has been done in many breeds in the past, especially the recent past, and this applies equally to the Belgian Shepherd. Provided owners do not lose sight of the fact that these are active animals requiring adequate exercise, both physical and mental, little harm is done. But, as in many other working breeds, we must never lose sight of the history of service of the Belgian Shepherd Dog, or we shall find ourselves with dogs whose basic temperaments have been changed for the worse and out of all recognition.

This is a breed that comes in four varieties. As far as the physical characteristics are concerned, the breed standards are identical except for coat, which varies in colour, texture and length. The varieties are the Groenendael, the Laekenois, the Malinois and the Tervueren, each named according to its Belgian region of origin. These sheepdogs date back to the Middle Ages, but the different varieties were not distinguished until 1891, when Professor Adolphe Reul of the Belgian Veterinary School established the standards for the types. A restaurant owner is credited with fostering the Groenendael; a brewer who first whelped a litter from a mating of two longhaired black-tipped fawns produced the Tervueren; the Malinois takes its name from Malines; and the Laekenois comes from Boom, near Antwerp, taking its name from the Château de Laeken, a royal residence of Queen Marie Henriette, whose favourite variety was the Laekenois. The Groenendael is fundamentally longhaired and with a black harsh-textured coat; the Laekenois, as yet the rarest variety in the UK, has a pretty, short, wiry type of coat that is reddish fawn in colour; the Malinois is possessed of a shortish firm-textured coat, which may be red, fawn or grey with a black overlay; while the Tervueren, now the most rapidly increasing of the four, has the same range of colouring as the Malinois, but with an outer coat that is long, straight and abundant. The varieties are described as both sheepdogs and guards. They are essentially graceful without being too refined. They give the appearance of being purposeful creatures, and their somewhat laconic gait clause, 'brisk, free and even' does not give the full flavour of their unique mode of progression, which is one of efficiency above all, with a high style. It is continually a matter of debate whether we should take what is in truth a working breed and try to turn it into a family companion/pet, but it has been done in many breeds in the past, especially the recent past, and this applies equally to the Belgian Shepherd. Provided owners do not lose sight of the fact that these are active animals requiring adequate exercise, both physical and mental, little harm is done. But, as in many other working breeds, we must never lose sight of the history of service of the Belgian Shepherd Dog, or we shall find ourselves with dogs whose basic temperaments have been changed for the worse and out of all recognition.

This herder/guarder originates from the mountains of Northern Italy, where his protective streak is employed effectively. He sports a harsh coat that is abundant, to put it mildly. It forms into loose mats that hang from the topline, and grooming is not a simple matter. Powerfully built but relatively cautious in temperament, the Bergamasco will need intelligent control. He will expect plenty of exercise and prefers a countryside environment. This is not a breed to be taken on lightly.

One of the most beautiful of Swiss dogs, used by the weavers of Berne as a draught dog, and also employed in herding sheep and cattle. He is still occasionally harnessed to a light cart, which he enjoys pulling, often to the delight of the small children riding inside. The Bernese carries the traditional Swiss colouring of black and tan with white markings. The breed can be traced back to the Roman invasion of what we now call Switzerland some 2,000 years ago. Caesar's troops, which were always on the move, needed dogs to guard their supplies, and the mastiff types they brought with them eventually mated with local flock-guarders, from which the Bernese evolved with an ability to withstand the severe weather of the Alps. The name is taken from the canton of Berne, and the Bernese has also attracted other less flattering names, such as Gelbbacken (Yellow Cheeks) and Vieraugen (Four Eyes), while the association as a draft dog also earned the breed the name of 'Cheese Factory Dog'. He is of imposing stature, and the striking tricolour markings of his soft, silky coat add to his impressive appearance. Never aggressive, he is a gentleman, kind and courteous, well-mannered and affectionate. Not a noisy dog, but obedient and easily trained, he makes a perfect companion for children and a devoted family pet.

The Bichon Frise is said to come from the Mediterranean area. The breed is also known as the 'Tenerife Dog' because sailors allegedly found him on that island in the fourteenth century, fell for his charms and took him back to France. He was recognised by the French Kennel Club in 1934 though his recognition in Britain did not occur until after both America and Canada had entered him on their registers in the 1970s. There are several members of the Bichon family and portraits painted centuries ago depict small white dogs so similar in type they must surely have been his ancestors. A happy little dog who thrives on being the centre of attention, he is a complete extrovert, full of confidence and intelligence. He loves companionship and has a deep regard for his family, of which he soon becomes an integral part, and he shows his appreciation of all home comforts. Potential owners must remember that he does require a considerable amount of grooming to maintain his glamorous image.

A dog of great size and imposing dignity, the Bloodhound is recognisable by even the least doggy people. His amazing ability to follow a human scent over all types of terrain after many hours has given him an almost super-canine reputation, which has been fostered by writers of detective fiction. The home country of the breed is Belgium and its ancestry can be traced back to the monastery of St. Hubert. (In Belgium, the Bloodhound is known by his other name of St. Hubert Hound.) It is most probable that this hound was one of those brought to England by the Normans in 1066. The looseness of his skin, especially over the head, and his long pendulous ears are possibly the most characteristic features of the breed. His powerful limbs and body make him a truly big dog, weighing up to 50 kilograms (110 pounds). He is generally good-natured and affectionate, but can be surprisingly sensitive. He has the sort of voice that cannot be ignored. His short coat cleans up easily in spite of his tendency to plough his way through ditches when on the trail.

The Bolognese (pronounced Bol-o-neese) is an ancient, charming and intelligent breed of small dog hailing from the centre of Northern Italy. He is after the style of other Bichon types, but has a distinctive non-shedding flocked coat. Regular grooming is necessary to keep it looking neat and tidy, but it does not require trimming. An attractive apricot shading appears occasionally on the ears, but otherwise the colour is white. Temperamentally, the Bolognese delights in family activities and expects to be included in long walks as well as indoor or garden games. Historically, the breed seems to have been regarded as a most acceptable gift in fashionable circles. Today, he is equally at home in cottage or castle.

This highly intelligent dog has an inborn instinct to work, and responds readily and eagerly to training. He was originally used for working sheep in the hills and mountains, mainly in the border counties of England, Scotland and Wales, but his prowess as a working sheepdog has now spread countrywide throughout Britain and even farther afield. It was only in the latter quarter of the twentieth century that the Border Collie assumed an important role in the show rings of Britain. He is graceful, but with sufficient substance to withstand the elements. A silent worker, he responds to any signal, audible or visual. His disposition is kindly as he is loyal and faithful by nature. Capable of thinking for himself, he is often used in mountain rescue work, makes an excellent tracker and is also used as a sniffer dog. He needs a lot of exercise, thrives on company and will participate in any activity. He is dedicated to serving man, but is the type of dog who needs to work to be happy and is not content to sit at home by the hearth all day. Before becoming a full champion he must have a work qualification.

Looking at a typical Border Terrier, one gets the impression that if nature were left to itself and dogs just bred naturally without man selecting the matings, the end result would be something very much along this dog's lines. In fact he's just the sort of dog one would expect to have his origins in the border between England and Scotland. The Border was once known as the Reedwater or the Coquetdale Terrier, after the localities of his early days. His present name was adopted around 1880, probably because he was worked with the Border Foxhounds. But it was forty more years before the breed was recognised by the Kennel Club, in 1920. The breed standard is terse and to the point; it outlines exactly the qualities that are required for a dog that is expected to go to ground after a fox. He needs a powerful pair of jaws, good bone but not heavy, and a chest that is not too wide for him to get out of any earth he enters. He also needs to have the stamina to keep up with a horse, in order that he will be there when he's needed. He is basically a worker, but is perfectly capable of being an active member of a family, having a temperament that combines good nature with a terrier's gameness.

An aristocrat of a dog, with his bearing, his size and his proudly carried head. The wolf hunter of Russia, his name means 'swift' in his native country, and though he may not perform his original function any more, he is still built on lines of speed and grace. The earliest seen in Britain were presented by the Tsar of all the Russias to Queen Alexandra and the breed's popularity soon caught on. Temperamentally, this is not a breed for the masses as he is sensitive and aloof in his view of mankind, though faithful to his owners and with undeniable courage. His long silky coat with its slight wave comes in a host of different colours and requires dedicated attention from its groomer to prevent it deteriorating into tangles. The slightly domed and narrow skull with the almost straight, but slightly convex, topline to the nose gives the dog a refinement that is unique in appearance. He is a dog of striking quality.

A real Yankee-Doodle-Dandy! Although he owes a little of his ancestry to the British Bulldog, the Boston Terrier actually came into being in the late nineteenth century in the eastern states of America when, in 1893, a mix of bull and terrier types produced the first pair of dogs that were to become the foundation of the breed. His short, square muzzle identifies him as a 'bull breed' and his small erect ears, combined with his well-defined colouring, add to his smart appearance. Dapper and classy, he is a real eye-catcher when out and about. He is good tempered and a happy house-dog - if a little boisterous. His short coat is easy to care for and his intelligence is highly developed.

Bouvier can be translated as 'oxherd' or 'cattle herder', and each French or Belgian region has its own type. This type, from Flanders, gained a wider reputation during the First World War, when it was used both as an ambulance dog and a messenger. Many modern pedigrees trace back to a dog saved by a Belgian army vet after the breed all but died out. A rugged, powerful dog, originally used for herding and protecting cattle in Belgium and France, the Bouvier has found his way into the towns, where he has adapted to family life. His impressive head accentuated by eyebrows, beard and moustache gives him a formidable appearance that belies his stable temperament and amiable disposition. He is good with children, quiet in the house, but ever vigilant: he can and will protect home and family. His rough, dry coat is easy to care for, and, despite his large size, he requires only a medium amount of exercise and is not a clumsy dog. A very social dog that is happy to live in country or city, mansion or flat.

Devotees of the Boxer need to be fit to stand up to their charges; a gentle, meek Boxer does not exist; extrovert and energetic are two adjectives that spring to mind as soon as the breed is mentioned, along with loyal and fun-loving. Once converted to the Boxer, owners never give up the breed. Home for the Boxer is Germany and behind the breed are believed to be dogs such as the Great Dane and the Bulldog. It is thought his name may have come from a corruption of the German word beisser, the Boxer being a refined version of Bullenbeisser, meaning 'bull biter'. The breed has been in its present form since the late 1800s and in America (though not in the UK), it has its ears cropped (upright). A guarding breed of a high order, the Boxer is intelligent and, with patient firmness, tractable, but he needs to be convinced of the rightness of what he is asked to do. On the other hand, he will enter into the spirit of the most riotous of family games. Hardy and full of stamina, his idea of a country walk is to get as wet and muddy as possible, but the shortness of his coat permits easy cleaning. A good trencherman, he is rarely finicky or faddy. Truly a delightful breed, he is not quick to pick a fight but ready to prove that his slightly pugnacious face with its upturned chin can be backed to the hilt.

The Bracco obviously stems from the old practice of mating hounds with gundogs in order to produce a type of pointing animal with extra stamina. He is one of that group of multi-purpose dogs, so popular in the countries of mainland Europe, that hunt, point and retrieve. The breed arrived in Great Britain for the first time only in the early 1990s. He is certainly an attractive, upstanding creature, with an easy-clean, glossy coat. Rated by his fan club as a hard worker, he has the gentle temperament typical of this talented subgroup.

Beneath the refined appearance of the long coat on the show Briard there is a truly rugged worker. The varied shades of fawn and the blacks, sometimes with white hairs scattered through the coat, make this a striking and handsome dog. A particular characteristic is the double dewclaws on the hind legs. Originating from the province of Brie in France, he has a dual role as a guard against marauding predators as well as a sheep herder. He has also occasionally been employed by armies as a pack dog, among other general duties. He is a fairly large dog, so he takes some feeding, and his very flowing coat with its moustache, beard and eyebrows requires regular and thorough grooming if it is not to become a mess. Blessed with a fearless temperament, he makes a good household dog with no hint of aggression in his make-up. He is extrovert, loving to engage in games, which can turn rough but never nasty, but he does need exercise and is definitely not a dog for the weak-willed!

Known at one time as the Brittany Spaniel, this dog is a relative newcomer from France. He is one of the Hunt, Point and Retrieve breeds, and as such has already proved himself in Kennel Club field trials. His square shape gives him an unusual, clipped style of movement, and though he is a fairly light-built dog, he is capable of carrying hare or pheasant. The breed is not dissimilar to the old coaching dogs of Europe, especially some of the all-purpose gundogs to be found in Germany. A busy dog, he has an affectionate, easy-going attitude to life. He is easy to train, and his dense, fine coat is not difficult to keep clean.

No one could mistake a Bull Terrier for anything else. Built on lines reminiscent of the bull from which his name is partly derived, he stands on firm, powerful legs, staring straight at you. But for all his somewhat forbidding presence, he is, in fact, a kindly chap, loving the human race, even if he is none too sure about his attitude to the dog next door. Handled properly, he will live in peace with his neighbour, but he does need a firm hand if he is to fit effectively into modern life. It was a certain James Hinks who first standardised the breed type in the 1850s, selecting the egg-shaped head. The breed was first shown in its present form at Birmingham in 1862 and the Bull Terrier Club was formed in 1887. Most people think of him as being basically white all over, with an occasional piratical patch over one eye, but he also comes in other hues, including brindle, red, fawn and tricolour. One noteworthy feature of his standard is that 'There are neither weight nor height limits, but there should be the impression of maximum substance for size of dog consistent with quality and sex'.

Smaller examples of the Bull Terrier have been known since the early nineteenth century but they fell out of favour prior to the First World War and were removed from the Kennel Club Breed Register in 1918. In 1938, a revival was spearheaded by Colonel Richard Glyn and a group of fellow enthusiasts, who formed the Miniature Bull Terrier Club. The standard is the same as that of the Bull Terrier with the exception of their size, which should not exceed 35.5 centimetres (14 inches).

One of Britain's oldest indigenous breeds, the Bulldog is known as the National dog of Great Britain and is associated throughout the world with British determination and the legendary John Bull. The Bulldog was first classified as such in the 1630s, though there is earlier mention of similar types referred to as bandogs, a term reserved today for a type of fighting dog. Used originally for bull-baiting, the Bulldog also fought its way through the dog pits, but after 1835 it began to evolve into the shorter-faced, more squat version we know today. It entered the show ring in 1860 and the ensuing years saw a big personality change. The pugilistic expression of this delightfully ugly dog belies his loving, affectionate nature to family and friends. He has a reputation for tenacity and is very courageous, strong and powerful. Although he is a little bit stubborn by nature, he is good-tempered with children, of whom he is also very protective. The impression he gives of being slow and sluggish is completely contradicted by the great bursts of speed that he can and does produce when the occasion demands. His mood can be dignified, humorous or comical, and he has many endearing ways.

A British breed evolved from the Old English Mastiff and the Bulldog. Primarily used as a guard dog and, in olden times, to help the gamekeeper in the apprehension of poachers. Naturally intelligent and observant, he is easily trained but likes to have a reason for doing things. Highly spirited, he makes a happy companion who is totally reliable both physically and mentally. Devoted to the members of his human family, his bravery and courage in defending them against intruders are legendary. He can quickly assess a situation, and this, combined with his acute hearing, makes him an excellent house-dog. He is very strong, but amenable to kindly discipline.

The first time a dog of this breed was exhibited was in 1909, and three years later, the Cairn was recognised by the Kennel Club, with challenge certificates on offer. Yet, in spite of this comparatively recent emergence in our show ring, dogs of the Cairn type can be traced back some 500 years, and the breed's development runs parallel with that of the Skye, West Highland White and Scottish Terriers. In fact, when first exhibited in 1909, it was known as the Shorthaired Skye Terrier. Scottish in ancestry, this small, sturdy terrier is in every way a game little dog. He is very natural, with a slightly shaggy, but not unkempt, appearance, and his double waterproof coat takes very little effort to look after. He has a particularly expressive head, which is set off by dark, sparkling eyes that give a good indication of his character. He has small prick ears and shaggy eyebrows and his expression can change from mischievousness to one of gentle devotion very quickly. He loves people, is an able swimmer and a great hunter. Ready for any activity, he makes an ideal companion for a family, fitting in well with any lifestyle.

Generally accepted as the national breed of Israel, the Canaan Dog has his origins in the feral dog of the Middle East, the pariah dog, and selective breeding is evolving a distinct breed type. The current breed standard is based closely on that of the Federation Cynologique Internationale (FCI). The breed has recently been reintroduced to the UK and a few have been registered here in past decades, but it is only in the last few years that the breed has begun to be exhibited at our shows. He stands up to 60 centimetres (24 inches) at the shoulder, which means he is at the upper end of the medium-sized dogs. He is an effective guarding dog, alert and versatile, and no doubt as time goes on, he will settle to a definite British pattern.

Over time, breeds vary in popularity. Often this is related to fashion but, for others, loss of function may threaten them with extinction. In the 1920s there were probably more than 20,000 Canadian Eskimo Dogs in the north of Canada. Then snowmobiles replaced sled dogs as the principal mode of transport in the Canadian Arctic areas, and by the 1970s, there were perhaps only about 200 dogs left. William Carpenter, in conjunction with the Canadian Kennel Club, set up a breeding project to rescue this Canadian breed. The breed is now more common in Canada, but elsewhere there remain very few. It gained recognition in the UK in 2000. This is a dog built for long-distance work, not for speed, like the lighter Siberian Husky. Less heavily built than the Alaskan Malamute, he is similar to the Greenland Dog, though slightly smaller and with a different ear carriage. His working gait is a powerful trot. His thick, dense undercoat provides protection against the harsh Arctic climate. He is very much a working breed rather than a domestic pet and in a group of dogs a 'boss' dog will emerge.

Hailing from the Andorra region of Spain, where it is known as the Gos d'Atura Catala, the Catalan Sheepdog was originally bred for herding and guarding the flocks. He has since found favour as a companion dog, where his loyalty to his family and his intelligence serves him well. Like all the sheepdogs, the Catalan is lively and active but is relatively easy to train. Standing around 46"51 centimetres (18-20 inches) tall, he has a moderately long coat, which gives him some protection and requires regular grooming. He is not a bulky dog and this makes him a good size for the home. He is a natural guard and this shows in his devotion to owner and home, so sensible ownership is required. His energy and intelligence require activities to engage him and opportunity for regular exercise. The Catalan is usually a shade of grey or fawn. The breed has a shorthaired variety but this is now very rarely seen and is thought to be almost extinct.

The origins of this toy spaniel are a little hazy, but he certainly has a history going back several centuries, although he did not secure Kennel Club status until 1944, having been revived as a breed separate from the King Charles Spaniel. By the 1970s, the breed was in the top twenty of British registrations, and it continues to attract large show entries. He is larger than his relative, the King Charles, and less snub-nosed. His large, dark eyes and melting expression are a true indication of his sweetness of character. Sturdy and hardy, he comes in a range of four such lovely colours that it is difficult to know which to choose. His silky coat requires little attention and his ever0-wagging tail shows how easy he is to please. He's a happy dog whose pleasures are simple " he will enjoy a long country walk, meandering round the shops or sitting beside you in front of the fire. Good with children, he is a devoted companion, absolutely non-aggressive and easy to care for.

The National Dog of the Czech Republic, the Cesky is a gentle character for a terrier breed. He stands as tall as 32 centimetres (12½ inches) at the withers and is slightly longer in the back than he is high. His somewhat silky coat requires trimming along his back and body, especially if he is to be part of a family household. Well groomed, his grey-blue or light brown coat can exhibit a well-shone look. The Cesky is non-aggressive and somewhat chary of strangers, but he is relatively biddable as a companion. He has been registered in the UK since 1990, and although he is not yet available in numbers, he could become popular.

The Chihuahua's origins are debatable, but it is thought that he may have come originally from China. However, he takes his name from the Mexican state of Chihuahua, where first he came to prominence in around 1895. Not long after this he reached El Paso in Texas and it was American dog lovers who refined the breed, seeing it to a high Toy position. The Chihuahua is the smallest breed of dog in the world. Aptly described as cheeky and with a saucy expression, he leaves you in no doubt that he thinks he is a big dog " and at heart he is. His size makes him easy to take anywhere. He is highly intelligent, easily trained and makes a delightful companion. Elderly people find him an ideal pet, happy to be a much-loved lap dog and also a good house-dog, announcing the approach of strangers. However, he is not a suitable pet for small children. There are two varieties of Chihuahua " the Smooth Coat and the Long Coat. Both the Smooth and the Long Coats have their special attractions, are equally easy to keep clean and well groomed.

The Chihuahua's origins are debatable, but it is thought that he may have come originally from China. However, he takes his name from the Mexican state of Chihuahua, where first he came to prominence in around 1895. Not long after this he reached El Paso in Texas and it was American dog lovers who refined the breed, seeing it to a high Toy position. The Chihuahua is the smallest breed of dog in the world. Aptly described as cheeky and with a saucy expression, he leaves you in no doubt that he thinks he is a big dog " and at heart he is. His size makes him easy to take anywhere. He is highly intelligent, easily trained and makes a delightful companion. Elderly people find him an ideal pet, happy to be a much-loved lap dog and also a good house-dog, announcing the approach of strangers. However, he is not a suitable pet for small children. There are two varieties of Chihuahua " the Smooth Coat and the Long Coat. Both the Smooth and the Long Coats have their special attractions, are equally easy to keep clean and well groomed.

These unique little dogs come in two varieties - the Hairless and the Powder Puff. The Hairless have a crest of hair on their head extending part way down their neck, 'socks' covering their toes, and a plume on their tail. The rest of their body is, as their name implies, hairless, and moisturisers are frequently used to keep the skin fine and supple. The 'Powder Puff' variety is covered entirely with a veil of long soft hair. Both varieties come in a mixture of colours, and can be plain or spotted. This is most definitely a breed for the connoisseur. While it is difficult to pinpoint their origin, it is said that these dogs were owned by families of the Han Dynasty of China. The Chinese Cresteds were developed at this time as guardians of the treasure houses and, in a larger, heavier form, as hunting dogs. They were seen at shows in America from 1885 to 1926 but then were rarely ever seen for some fifty years. They are a fastidious breed, keeping themselves scrupulously clean, and have no 'doggy' odour. Affectionate and intelligent, with a strong constitution, they make unique and delightful companions and are good watch dogs.

The Chow is related to Spitz dogs of the Nordic type and has been known in China, where he was kept as a guard dog and also used for hunting, for upwards of 2,000 years. But because of China's 'closed door' policy to the rest of the world, Chows did not begin to appear in other countries until around 1800 and were not really noticed in Britain until the 1920s, with a number being shown at Crufts in 1925. He has a unique short striding movement and a bluish black tongue, and such is his appearance that he cannot be mistaken for any other breed. The Rough Chow has a coat that is abundant, thick and stands off from the body. It requires about five minutes' daily grooming to keep it in good condition. The Smooth Chow has a woolly undercoat with a short top coat of plush texture. Although red is the most popular colour for both varieties, followed by black, they can also be seen in the most lovely whole blue, or shades of fawn. The Chow is aloof, stand-offish and extremely loyal to his owner, with a tendency to be a one-man dog. He is not noisy, but when roused he is well able to defend home and owner.

The Cirneco dell'Etna (which is pronounced 'cheer-nay-co') is a native of Sicily, and his origins go back some 2500 years. He is used for hunting rabbits, particularly in the area surrounding Mount Etna, hence his name. In appearance, the Cirneco is similar to the Pharaoh Hound, with whom he shares some of the same origins. The elegant square outline, sculpted head and erect and rigid ears give the breed a very distinctive silhouette. The breed has altered very little over the centuries and remains the primitive hunting dog, retaining his natural hunting instincts primarily using scent, although a characteristic of the breed is his ability to hunt also by sight and hearing. However, despite his primitive origins, the Cirneco is affectionate, friendly and adapts well to family life as he loves the comforts of home. A very clean breed, with a fine coat and skin that needs very little grooming, the Cirneco has a lively and active temperament which requires mental stimulation and interaction with his family, as well as regular exercise to maintain his well-being.

The Rough Collie is the same as the Smooth Collie with the exception of coat length. The breed is thought to have evolved from dogs brought originally to Scotland by the Romans that then mated with native types. Purists may point to subtle differences that have appeared as individual breeders selected stock for future breeding, but the fact remains that the two breeds derived very recently from the same stock and, in truth, share lines that can be found in common to this day. The Rough Collie is, of course, the somewhat refined version of the original working collie of the Scottish shepherd, from which it has been selected over at least 100 years. As a result, we now see a glamorous show dog that draws applause because of his aesthetic appearance, in the same way that his working cousin thrills audiences with his skill in the competitive obedience ring. This is not to suggest that the pedigree breeder has concentrated only on the physical appearance of the breed to the detriment of its natural working instinct. Far from it; many of the breed remain fit for function and will perform instinctively, given the opportunity to work at the job for which it was originally bred. Many owners can vouch for their quiet pets suddenly pricking their ears at the sight of a grazing herd and the instinct to herd comes into play. The basic message is that, for all its beauty, the Collie is a worker and must never be dismissed as just a pretty face. The coat must not be neglected; grooming is hard work, but that work yields rewards. Surprisingly enough, the Rough Collie does not seem to demand vast amounts of exercise, but care must be taken to stop him from putting on too much weight.

The obvious difference between the breeds Rough and Smooth Collies is the coat length, which in the case of the Smooth Collie is short and flat with a harsh texture on a dense undercoat. Colour range is the same, although one tends to see more Blue Merles in Smooths than in Roughs. As a result, the blue and blue-flecked eye is more characteristically seen in Smooths. Both breeds' standards call for a gay, friendly disposition without a trace of nervousness or aggression.

The Coton de Tulear, also known as the Royal Dog of Madagascar, was first recognised in 1990 but he has existed in his native Madagascar, particularly on the island of Tula, for several hundred years. Although very few have been exported from Madagascar, the breed is becoming more popular in the USA, Europe and the UK. Primarily a household companion, he is loyal and friendly, as well as intelligent. He has the advantage of not shedding his distinctively textured coat. Though he is usually all white in colour, his ears may be lemon or grey in colour.

The origins of the Dachshund can be traced back to working dogs that could go to ground after game such as badgers and rabbits, or to track fallen/wounded deer. Today, Dachshunds are very popular as intelligent and faithful pets, both for town and country dwellers. In the UK the Dachshund comes in six varieties, two sizes: Standards weighing up to 12 kg (26 lbs) and Miniatures ideally weighing 4.5 kg (10 lbs) and no more than 5 kg (11 lbs) - and three coats: Smooth-haired, Long-haired & Wire-haired. Germany is the breed's home country where sizes are separated not by weight but by chest circumference, with three sizes being based on what size of hole they could enter when going to ground. All in all, a marvellous selection of attractive and sporting dogs. Dachshunds are active dogs and, once fully mature, will take as much exercise as you can give them and you are likely to want to go home before they do. They are, however, just as happy curled up on your lap, snoozing. They are loyal companions and generally make good family pets. They are not noted for their obedience but, with patience and persistence by the owner, they can be trained. However, they are Hounds and when they are off the lead, if they get a scent, they can "go deaf" when it suits them. Temperamentally all six varieties are very good at giving a good account of themselves and, as such, are excellent house-dogs who will guard your property from any unwelcome guests. His bark can be deep, especially in the Standards, and people are often surprised to hear such a deep noise coming from a dog the size of a Dachshund. The breed is characterised as moderately long and low with no exaggerations, and should have a well-muscled body with enough ground clearance to allow free movement. The front feet are used for digging and should be big, broad and well-arched, point forward, or only slightly turned outwards. As befits his working origins, the Dachshund should have strong teeth and a powerful jaw. The Dachshund is a short-legged dog, not a long-backed one. Excessive length can lead to problems with back disease. It is important that the ribbing should extend well back and the loin should be short and strong. The Long varieties have a soft textured coat with straight or only slightly wavy hair, never profuse or fluffy, with feathering on their under-parts, ears, behind the legs and on the tail where it forms a flag. The coat requires regular grooming to keep the coat tangle-free and in gleaming condition. Most common colours are Black and Tan, Red (ranging from Clear Red to Shaded Red) and Silver Dapple. As a generalisation, the Standard Longs are the most reserved and aloof of the Dachshund varieties, but they are extremely affectionate and even-tempered.

The origins of the Dachshund can be traced back to working dogs that could go to ground after game such as badgers and rabbits, or to track fallen/wounded deer. Today, Dachshunds are very popular as intelligent and faithful pets, both for town and country dwellers. In the UK the Dachshund comes in six varieties, two sizes: Standards weighing up to 12 kg (26 lbs) and Miniatures ideally weighing 4.5 kg (10 lbs) and no more than 5 kg (11 lbs) - and three coats: Smooth-haired, Long-haired & Wire-haired. Germany is the breed's home country where sizes are separated not by weight but by chest circumference, with three sizes being based on what size of hole they could enter when going to ground. All in all, a marvellous selection of attractive and sporting dogs. Dachshunds are active dogs and, once fully mature, will take as much exercise as you can give them and you are likely to want to go home before they do. They are, however, just as happy curled up on your lap, snoozing. They are loyal companions and generally make good family pets. They are not noted for their obedience but, with patience and persistence by the owner, they can be trained. However, they are Hounds and when they are off the lead, if they get a scent, they can "go deaf" when it suits them. Temperamentally all six varieties are very good at giving a good account of themselves and, as such, are excellent house-dogs who will guard your property from any unwelcome guests. His bark can be deep, especially in the Standards, and people are often surprised to hear such a deep noise coming from a dog the size of a Dachshund. The breed is characterised as moderately long and low with no exaggerations, and should have a well-muscled body with enough ground clearance to allow free movement. The front feet are used for digging and should be big, broad and well-arched, point forward, or only slightly turned outwards. As befits his working origins, the Dachshund should have strong teeth and a powerful jaw. The Dachshund is a short-legged dog, not a long-backed one. Excessive length can lead to problems with back disease. It is important that the ribbing should extend well back and the loin should be short and strong The Miniature-Long variety should have a soft textured coat with straight or only slightly wavy hair, never profuse or fluffy, with feathering on their under-parts, ears, behind the legs and on the tail where it forms a flag. The coat requires regular grooming to keep the coat tangle-free and in gleaming condition. Most common colours are Black and Tan, Red (ranging from Cream to Shaded Red), Chocolate and Tan and Silver Dapple. As a generalisation, the Miniature-Longs are more reserved but they should have outgoing temperaments and they make ideal pets for someone who is less active and who wants a small but affectionate companion

The origins of the Dachshund can be traced back to working dogs that could go to ground after game such as badgers and rabbits, or to track fallen/wounded deer. Today, Dachshunds are very popular as intelligent and faithful pets, both for town and country dwellers. In the UK the Dachshund comes in six varieties, two sizes: Standards weighing up to 12 kg (26 lbs) and Miniatures ideally weighing 4.5 kg (10 lbs) and no more than 5 kg (11 lbs) - and three coats: Smooth-haired, Long-haired & Wire-haired. Germany is the breed's home country where sizes are separated not by weight but by chest circumference, with three sizes being based on what size of hole they could enter when going to ground. All in all, a marvellous selection of attractive and sporting dogs. Dachshunds are active dogs and, once fully mature, will take as much exercise as you can give them and you are likely to want to go home before they do. They are, however, just as happy curled up on your lap, snoozing. They are loyal companions and generally make good family pets. They are not noted for their obedience but, with patience and persistence by the owner, they can be trained. However, they are Hounds and when they are off the lead, if they get a scent, they can "go deaf" when it suits them. Temperamentally all six varieties are very good at giving a good account of themselves and, as such, are excellent house-dogs who will guard your property from any unwelcome guests. His bark can be deep, especially in the Standards, and people are often surprised to hear such a deep noise coming from a dog the size of a Dachshund. The breed is characterised as moderately long and low with no exaggerations, and should have a well-muscled body with enough ground clearance to allow free movement. The front feet are used for digging and should be big, broad and well-arched, point forward, or only slightly turned outwards. As befits his working origins, the Dachshund should have strong teeth and a powerful jaw. The Dachshund is a short-legged dog, not a long-backed one. Excessive length can lead to problems with back disease. It is important that the ribbing should extend well back and the loin should be short and strong The Miniature-Smooth variety should have dense, short coats that require very little grooming other than a "quick shine" with a brush once a week. The most common colours are Black and Tan, Red (ranging from Clear Red to Shaded Red) and Chocolate and Tan. As a generalisation, the Min-Smooths have outgoing temperaments and make ideal pets for someone who is fairly active and who wants a small but affectionate companion.

The origins of the Dachshund can be traced back to working dogs that could go to ground after game such as badgers and rabbits, or to track fallen/wounded deer. Today, Dachshunds are very popular as intelligent and faithful pets, both for town and country dwellers. In the UK the Dachshund comes in six varieties, two sizes: Standards weighing up to 12 kg (26 lbs) and Miniatures ideally weighing 4.5 kg (10 lbs) and no more than 5 kg (11 lbs) - and three coats: Smooth-haired, Long-haired & Wire-haired. Germany is the breed's home country where sizes are separated not by weight but by chest circumference, with three sizes being based on what size of hole they could enter when going to ground. All in all, a marvellous selection of attractive and sporting dogs. Dachshunds are active dogs and, once fully mature, will take as much exercise as you can give them and you are likely to want to go home before they do. They are, however, just as happy curled up on your lap, snoozing. They are loyal companions and generally make good family pets. They are not noted for their obedience but, with patience and persistence by the owner, they can be trained. However, they are Hounds and when they are off the lead, if they get a scent, they can "go deaf" when it suits them. Temperamentally all six varieties are very good at giving a good account of themselves and, as such, are excellent house-dogs who will guard your property from any unwelcome guests. His bark can be deep, especially in the Standards, and people are often surprised to hear such a deep noise coming from a dog the size of a Dachshund. The breed is characterised as moderately long and low with no exaggerations, and should have a well-muscled body with enough ground clearance to allow free movement. The front feet are used for digging and should be big, broad and well-arched, point forward, or only slightly turned outwards. As befits his working origins, the Dachshund should have strong teeth and a powerful jaw. The Dachshund is a short-legged dog, not a long-backed one. Excessive length can lead to problems with back disease. It is important that the ribbing should extend well back and the loin should be short and strong The Miniature-Wires should have short, straight, harsh hair with a dense undercoat. There is a beard on the chin, the eyebrows are bushy, but the hair on ears is almost smooth. Coat texture can vary but most Wire coats will need to be hand-stripped a couple of times each year. Weekly grooming with a comb and stiff brush is also essential. Most common colours are varying shades of Brindle (also known as Wild Boar) and Red. Chocolate and Tan also occurs. As a generalisation, the Miniature-Wires are extrovert and active dogs who really love the great outdoors. They make ideal pets for someone who is quite active and who wants a small but affectionate companion.

The origins of the Dachshund can be traced back to working dogs that could go to ground after game such as badgers and rabbits, or to track fallen/wounded deer. Today, Dachshunds are very popular as intelligent and faithful pets, both for town and country dwellers. In the UK the Dachshund comes in six varieties, two sizes: Standards weighing up to 12 kg (26 lbs) and Miniatures ideally weighing 4.5 kg (10 lbs) and no more than 5 kg (11 lbs) - and three coats: Smooth-haired, Long-haired & Wire-haired. Germany is the breed's home country where sizes are separated not by weight but by chest circumference, with three sizes being based on what size of hole they could enter when going to ground. All in all, a marvellous selection of attractive and sporting dogs. Dachshunds are active dogs and, once fully mature, will take as much exercise as you can give them and you are likely to want to go home before they do. They are, however, just as happy curled up on your lap, snoozing. They are loyal companions and generally make good family pets. They are not noted for their obedience but, with patience and persistence by the owner, they can be trained. However, they are Hounds and when they are off the lead, if they get a scent, they can "go deaf" when it suits them. Temperamentally all six varieties are very good at giving a good account of themselves and, as such, are excellent house-dogs who will guard your property from any unwelcome guests. His bark can be deep, especially in the Standards, and people are often surprised to hear such a deep noise coming from a dog the size of a Dachshund. The breed is characterised as moderately long and low with no exaggerations, and should have a well-muscled body with enough ground clearance to allow free movement. The front feet are used for digging and should be big, broad and well-arched, point forward, or only slightly turned outwards. As befits his working origins, the Dachshund should have strong teeth and a powerful jaw. The Dachshund is a short-legged dog, not a long-backed one. Excessive length can lead to problems with back disease. It is important that the ribbing should extend well back and the loin should be short and strong The Smooth varieties have dense, short coats that require very little grooming other than a "quick shine" with a brush once a week. The most common colours are Black and Tan, Red (ranging from Clear Red to Shaded Red) and Chocolate and Tan. As a generalisation, the Standard Smooths are, by temperament, perhaps more "one person" or "one family" dogs, but they should be bold and extrovert and they do live quite happily with other Dachshunds.

The origins of the Dachshund can be traced back to working dogs that could go to ground after game such as badgers and rabbits, or to track fallen/wounded deer. Today, Dachshunds are very popular as intelligent and faithful pets, both for town and country dwellers. In the UK the Dachshund comes in six varieties, two sizes: Standards weighing up to 12 kg (26 lbs) and Miniatures ideally weighing 4.5 kg (10 lbs) and no more than 5 kg (11 lbs) - and three coats: Smooth-haired, Long-haired & Wire-haired. Germany is the breed's home country where sizes are separated not by weight but by chest circumference, with three sizes being based on what size of hole they could enter when going to ground. All in all, a marvellous selection of attractive and sporting dogs. Dachshunds are active dogs and, once fully mature, will take as much exercise as you can give them and you are likely to want to go home before they do. They are, however, just as happy curled up on your lap, snoozing. They are loyal companions and generally make good family pets. They are not noted for their obedience but, with patience and persistence by the owner, they can be trained. However, they are Hounds and when they are off the lead, if they get a scent, they can "go deaf" when it suits them. Temperamentally all six varieties are very good at giving a good account of themselves and, as such, are excellent house-dogs who will guard your property from any unwelcome guests. His bark can be deep, especially in the Standards, and people are often surprised to hear such a deep noise coming from a dog the size of a Dachshund. The breed is characterised as moderately long and low with no exaggerations, and should have a well-muscled body with enough ground clearance to allow free movement. The front feet are used for digging and should be big, broad and well-arched, point forward, or only slightly turned outwards. As befits his working origins, the Dachshund should have strong teeth and a powerful jaw. The Dachshund is a short-legged dog, not a long-backed one. Excessive length can lead to problems with back disease. It is important that the ribbing should extend well back and the loin should be short and strong The Wires should have short, straight, harsh hair with a dense undercoat. There is a beard on the chin, the eyebrows are bushy, but the hair on ears is almost smooth. Coat texture can vary but most Wire coats will need to be hand-stripped a couple of times each year. Weekly grooming with a comb and stiff brush is also essential. Most common colours are Brindle (also known as Wild Boar) and Red. Chocolate and Tan also occurs. As a generalisation, the Wires are the most extrovert and active of the varieties and really love the great outdoors.

The Dalmatian has a very distinctive appearance, being either black spotted, or liver spotted, the spots standing out well on the pure white background colour of his coat. As a puppy he is born pure white, making it impossible to know whether his spots will be black or liver. The breed was very popular in Britain during the Regency period, and was known as the 'carriage dog', as he was used to run under or beside all types of carriages, from those of the gentry to the mail coach. He also used to run ahead of the horse-drawn fire engines of London, earning himself the name 'Firehouse Dog'. When running with carriages or coaches he was termed 'Marathon Runner' and he is indeed a breed of incredible endurance, travelling over long distances at a moderate speed. An excellent companion and house-dog, he has a sporting side to his nature, with a good nose and a soft mouth. An active, agile dog, strong and muscular, who enjoys plenty of exercise and is more suited to country life than the town.

Those who have read Sir Walter Scott's Guy Mannering will recognise the name Dandie Dinmont. This fictional character gave the breed its name. The colours by which these dogs are known, mustard and pepper, were adopted from the names of Mannering's dogs. The Dandie looks sedate but can move very quickly. He is an intelligent chap with a will of his own " not the most obedient of pets. Devoted to children, he can melt the hardest of hearts with his soulful expression and enjoys, and asks for, plenty of attention. The breed comes from the same root stock as many others from the north of England and the borders between England and Scotland. The Dandie was developed in the 1600s for badger and otter hunting.

There can be few dogs that command the affection of people who have never owned a single specimen of the breed more than does the Deerhound, known at one time as the Scottish Deerhound. The combination of elegance of proportion with a down-to-earth, workmanlike look makes this fellow an object of admiration. Better acquaintance only serves to confirm first impressions. Mystery surrounds the origins of the breed, but there are grounds for thinking the Deerhound may have been taken to Scotland by Phoenician traders. Certainly there were running hounds there when the Romans arrived. He has hunted the red deer for a thousand years, and although today more accustomed to the show ring, he has remained similar in type over the centuries. Dignity and humour, affection and loyalty, all play their part in his temperament, and he delights in exercise. As he is less bulky than many breeds that reach his height, he takes up a lot less floor space than one might expect, even if his true environment really ought to be in front of the log fire in a baronial hall.

German tax collector, Louis Dobermann, is credited with developing this breed in the late 1860s. He needed a dog that would both protect him and 'encourage' slow payers, and decided his dog should be a larger version of the Pinscher. He quickly fixed breed type, using the old-style German Shepherd and the Pinscher to obtain a mix of brain, soundness, toughness of character and quick terrier-like reaction. Other breeds, such as the Weimaraner, Rottweiler, Greyhound and Manchester Terrier, helped refine his scenting powers, strength, speed and coat. This elegant, intelligent dog has since made his mark in the canine popularity polls throughout the world. Extremely alert, with a clean outline encompassing strength and agility, he is a skilful tracker and is often used for police work. His gleaming, short, hard coat is easily cared for. Usually black and tan, he can also be brown, blue or fawn with rust-red markings. The Dobermann has a very adaptable outlook to life and fits into a family well, playing with and guarding children. He enjoys riding in a car, and will take over the most comfortable chair in the house without even a second thought. He makes an excellent obedience dog, and the breed is numerically strong in the show ring.

An impressively large-Mastiff-type dog, with a very distinctive large head, the Dogue de Bordeaux is perhaps surprisingly agile and able to jump considerable heights. He is athletic in the manner of a wrestler or boxer rather than that of a runner. The Dogue, as he is affectionately known, is an ancient French breed that struggled for survival in the middle of the century. Originally, he was used for hunting large animals and for fighting. Dogues were shown at the first French dog show in 1863. His popularity has increased rapidly both in his homeland and here in recent years. He was recognised by the Kennel Club in 1997. As would be expected from his background, the male normally has a dominant character. But, correctly trained, the Dogue de Bordeaux is a loyal and affectionate member of the family.

One of the most glamorous of all breeds, the English Setter has the ability to attract not only those who admire a stylish worker, but also those who want a dog capable of being a cheerful companion. His coat has an overall basis of white, flecked generously with black, lemon or liver, with the black or liver occasionally intermingled with tan into a tricolour. The flecking is referred to by the cognoscenti as 'belton', thus lemon belton or orange belton. A longish, fairly lean head on a slightly arched neck, well-set shoulders and firm straight bone, a deep chest and strong muscular hindquarters are the hallmarks of a handsome breed that should combine elegance, quality and stamina under a silky, easily groomed coat. Development of the English Setter into the breed as we know it today began around the mid-1800s. The breed was shown at the first dog show in Newcastle in 1859.

This is the oldest of Britain's native toy breeds. Before 1960, it was known as the Miniature Black and Tan Terrier, but devotees felt that this name was one that any terrier type in black and tan could utilise, so the name was changed to English Toy Terrier. Black and Tan terrier types can trace their history back at least as far as the early sixteenth century. Small Black and Tans were kept in the Regency and Georgian periods and were used variously to help flush foxes and in the rat-fighting pits. But it was as a town dog that the breed really became popular, and the late 1800s saw a selective breeding programme. The English Toy Terrier makes a charming, intelligent and non-aggressive companion, whose smooth, glossy coat requires minimal care.

The Entlebucher Mountain Dog is the smallest of the four breeds of Swiss Mountain Dog, the most popular of which is the Bernese. The breed originates from the Entlebuch Valley in Switzerland between Lucerne and Berne and was first identified as a distinct type in 1923 when four tricolour Swiss Cattle Dogs with aloft tails were exhibited at Langenttal dog show. The first breed standard was compiled in 1927. Like the other Swiss mountain dog breeds, the Entelbucher carries the traditional tricolour markings with a principally black body coat with tan and white markings in specific locations. The top coat is short, close fitting, harsh and shiny with a dense undercoat. He has a wedge-shaped head, a rectangular body shape with sloping croup and naturally bob tailed or long tailed. The breed stands at 44-50 cm (17.3-19.5 in) for dogs, with bitches standing at 42-48 cm (16.5-19 in). His is very agile, free striding, intelligent and quick to learn. He gained his popularity as a tireless cattle driving and versatile farm dog. Today in Switzerland he still fulfils his role as a cattle herding dog bringing the cows down from mountain pastures but his popularity has increased with the recognition of his biddable, faithful and loving temperament and he is now to be found in many households as a trusted companion and family member.

The Estrela mountain range is in the central part of Portugal and the Estrela is the Portuguese relation of the flock-guarding dogs that can be found anywhere from Asia halfway across the world to the shores of the Atlantic. The breed standard isn't joking when it describes this dog as sturdy and well built: he is made on a generous scale, and that goes for his nature as well. His devotees say that he is almost too good with children, as he tends to tow his owners towards them at high speed! He is relatively trainable in the basics of good canine behaviour, but doesn't consider that retrieving is any part of a dog's normal way of life. He is easy to groom and a good trencherman, being unfaddy in his appetite. Lest he should appear to be altogether too good to be true, it is worth noting that he has a loud voice, which he delights in using at frequent intervals, not always at the most convenient moments. He is also a prodigious leaper, so runs have to be well made to confine him, if that is the way an owner reckons to keep him. This is a breed that has built a small but dedicated following in the UK and has much to commend it if a large dog is appropriate.

Although the Eurasier is a recently developed breed, a result of the work of Julius Wipfel in Germany, it is thought that the breed is the regeneration of the ancient Russian breed the Laika, which originated centuries ago among tribes living in Central Siberia. The immediate forbears of the Eurasier are the Chow Chow and the German Wolf Spitz, with one input of Samoyed blood. The Eurasier inherits traits from both of its main forbears: he has the wedge-shaped head and almond-shaped eyes of the Spitz, and has an affectionate, gentle nature. He thrives on human company, is devoted to his family and is friendly to other dogs. He is easy to train and makes a vigilant watch dog. The Eurasier's medium size and equable temperament makes him very suitable as a family dog: he wants to be with the family, not excluded from it. His coat requires regular grooming and will shed at least once a year.

The Finnish Lapphund is a survivor. He would have to be in order to cope with life in the harsh climate of Lapland. His original role in Finland was to herd reindeer, and he still does so, as well as sorting out cattle and sheep. He is a typical Spitz and his thick jacket comes in all manner of colours. He loves his life in the family and can make an ideal companion for an outdoor household. He likes nothing so much as to please his owners in whatever activity his quick brain allows him to become involved, and he seems to enjoy the company of children, too. Fortunately, he is not quite as regularly vocal as some members of the Spitz gang, but he does need adequate food because he always appears to be bursting with energy.

These bright red dogs of typical Spitz shape are unusual in that they hunt small birds and give considerable tongue while doing so. The breed is steadily increasing in popularity, as well it might: it has a lively and friendly temperament and makes an active companion for the family requiring exercise. The Finnish Spitz is the national dog of Finland with a written standard going back to 1812. A number of national patriotic songs include mentions of the breed. Originally, the Finnish Spitz tracked larger game, such as bear and elk, but now it is used mainly to seek out capercaillie and black grouse. The strength of the game bird population has a direct effect on the strength of the breed, registrations dropping in years that are bad for the birds. Straight-legged, compact, but not heavy bodied, the Finnish Spitz is a square-shaped breed with sparkle and charm. The middle-length coat is semi-erect, stiffer on the neck and back, and particularly prominent in the ruff of the male. Although not short, the coat is easy to maintain and can be cleaned quickly with the aid of a sponge. Equally happy in all weathers, the Finnish Spitz considers that his place is not outside in the kennel, but indoors with his friends.

The Fox Terrier in both forms, Smooth and Wire, is known throughout the world, but is from British origins and probably owes its existence to the same types of dog that produced both the Bull Terrier and the Black and Tan (now Manchester) Terrier. Uniformity of type was established in the late 1800s and the original standard for the Fox Terrier was drawn up in 1876. An active and lively breed, he is likened in the standard to a short-backed, well-made hunter, covering a lot of ground. This is one of the most lively and alert of terriers, whose refinement to his present show excellence has not allowed him to become one whit unsound. Capable of standing up to any amount of exercise, he is always ready to deal with rats, rabbits and, of course, foxes. He is not the dog to let loose on a hillside covered with sheep, but is ideally suited to family life in town or, if he is properly controlled, the country. Although he is small enough to be carried if necessary, he's tough enough to appeal to the man in the household.

Originally known as the Rough-haired Terrier, and used for sporting pursuits, the Wire Fox Terrier is a native breed. He is long-lived, with an expected life span of well over ten years. It is probable that the rough coat was developed before that of the Smooth Fox Terrier but, strangely, the appearance of the Wire Fox Terrier in the show ring was some twenty years later than that of the Smooth. A strain of rough coat terriers was kept for fifty-five years by the Reverend Jack Russell, who gave his name to another terrier breed. He is alert, very active, bold and somewhat vociferous. Cheerful and happy, he makes an excellent children's playmate and family pet. A classy dog, who really looks his best when nicely trimmed, he is a great show dog, enjoying success in this field throughout the world.

The traditionally handsome Foxhound has rarely been regarded as a household pet. In the United States of America, the breed has been treated over the years as a genuine show dog in small numbers, but it is only occasionally seen in the show ring in Britain. Most adult Foxhounds are maintained in kennels in packs by one or other of the hunts; the puppies are 'walked' through their growing period by hunt-supporters in order that they should become part socialised. As a breed, they have to be recognised as being relatively large and determined; discipline I not their strong point. Foxhounds are registered with the Kennel Club irregularly on the basis of reciprocal agreements with masters of recognised hunts. The breed may well make a greater impact in the show ring in the future.

A compactly built dog, who, in spite of his name, is believed to be at least partly of British origin. He is a descendant of the Toy Bulldog, which was bred during the nineteenth century and exported to France, where the breed became popular. In fact, English lacemakers from the Midlands who went to work in France took small Bulldogs with them. This stock is believed to have mixed with short-faced bull-baiting dogs from other European countries. This 'new' breed was brought to England and first shown around 1900, with a French Bulldog club being formed in 1903. The bat ear is a distinctive feature of this breed and adds to the droll expression. He is medium-to-small-sized dog and bred in three colours " brindle, pied and fawn " with a short, easy-to-keep-clean coat. Very intelligent and always ready for fun, the French Bulldog has an affectionate disposition. But although he has a jolly, engaging personality and is very vivacious, he is not a boisterous or a noisy dog. Comfort means a lot to him and he will happily live in house or flat as an integral part of the family.

This breed was re-introduced to Great Britain in the 1990s and recognised by the Kennel Club in 1997. Previously, German Longhaired Pointers were present in Great Britain in the 1890s. He is one of three German Pointers now recognised in the UK, the Shorthaired and Wirehaired having been here for much longer. They differ not only in their coats but also in their body proportions and size. He is the largest of the three. He was first shown at a show in Frankfurt in 1878, where the first standard was produced. Interestingly, the Shorthaired standard was produced in Germany at the same time, while that for the Wirehaired was produced three years later. Like the other German Pointers, he works as a Hunt, Point and Retrieve Gundog. He has been enthusiastically worked in the UK, and has gained Field Trial awards. He has also been successfully shown, but he is very much a dog for the country.

A medium-sized, smooth-coated dog of German origin. He is the middle sized member of the family, fitting in between the larger Dobermann and the smaller Miniature Pinscher. The breed was officially recognised by the German Kennel Club in 1879, with type set around the start of the twentieth century. Pinscher is the German word for terrier, but the German farmers' terriers were larger than terriers in England and were too long in the leg to go to ground, though they did make an effective guard of the home. A stylish dog of sturdy build and elegant lines, his smooth, glossy coat requires minimum attention. He is responsive and obedient, a little distrustful of strangers, and this makes him an excellent watchdog.

Arguably the most popular breed worldwide, the Shepherd, as he is known to most people, provokes fiercer loyalties in enthusiasts' hearts than virtually any other breed. The breed as we know it today was founded at the very end of the 1800s and a German cavalry captain, Max von Stephanitz, has been credited with its development. A group of people led by him promoted the Shepherd for 35 years to bring it to a position of respect. As demand for German Shepherds as herding dogs diminished, Stephanitz encouraged their use by police and the military, and in the First World War alone, 48,000 were enlisted in the German army. It is difficult to talk about German Shepherds without being drawn into the discussion on type; the style of the dog varies tremendously even if the wording of the standards throughout the world is based on that of the country of origin. The appearance of the animal may vary according to the attitude of the fancier, but one thing will be agreed by all: a genuine German Shepherd must be possessed of a truly steady temperament, greeting all he meets with a calm firmness. He ranks with any breed in his trainability for a veritable plethora of purposes. From his original work as a shepherd, acting as both herder and flock guard, he has become by far the most widely used military and police dog for forces all over the globe. He rates with the best as a guide dog for the blind; he is a tracker of great quality; and his devotees consider him the ultimate as an obedience worker. In short, temperament is deemed the most important single attribute, but conscientious breeders strive also for physical perfection. In spite of his thick double coat, he is not a difficult dog to keep groomed, provided his owner is vigorous and determined. In truth, determination may well need to be an important facet in an owner's make-up, as a Shepherd needs a firm, consistent hand. He is a highly intelligent creature and, like many highly intelligent creatures, he needs to be kept occupied if he is not to become bored and, in turn, mischievous.

Since the end of the Second World War, there has been an influx of breeds from Continental Europe, and none has been more successfully introduced to both the shooting and showing scenes than the German Shorthaired Pointer (GSP). The first of the Hunt, Point and Retrieve (HPR) breeds to arrive in the UK, the GSP has on several occasions won that coveted award in the world of the gundog, the Dual Championship " a dog that is able to beat all comers in the field and in the show ring. The GSP stems from dogs known collectively as bird dogs. The basis for the breed was almost certainly the kennels of Prince Albrecht zu Solms-Braunfels, who owned Schweisshunds, a breed of good but slowish working hounds with outstanding ability to scent game, which were crossed with traditional English Pointer stock. The breed comes in black, liver or either colour spotted or ticked with white. The coat is short, flat and coarse to the feel, and as a result, he is a very easy dog to keep clean and wholesome even in the foulest weathers. Medium-sized, trainable and friendly, he combines grace, energy and stamina in a neat frame.

There have been German Spitz breeds for many years, varying in size from the tiniest at about 2.3 kilograms (5 pounds) in weight to the largest in the 20 kilogram (45 pound) range. Versions in two sizes by shoulder measurement have been introduced to the Kennel Club's list of breeds. The Klein variety should measure between 23 and 29 centimetres (9 and 11 and a half inches), while the Mittel stands between 30 and 38 centimetres (12 and 15 inches). Otherwise the two should be identical in shape and characteristics. Interestingly, there are no restrictions on colour. The German Spitz's harsh outer coat coupled with his thick undercoat insulates him against all weathers. His high-set, well curled tail and his brisk movement give him an air of considerable importance in his bearing. He is not a difficult breed to maintain as long as his grooming is thorough. An independent character with a happy outlook on life, the German Spitz makes an ideal pet, who is quite capable of living with old and young alike.

There have been German Spitz breeds for many years, varying in size from the tiniest at about 2.3 kilograms (5 pounds) in weight to the largest in the 20 kilogram (45 pound) range. Versions in two sizes by shoulder measurement have been introduced to the Kennel Club's list of breeds. The Klein variety should measure between 23 and 29 centimetres (9 and 11 and a half inches), while the Mittel stands between 30 and 38 centimetres (12 and 15 inches). Otherwise the two should be identical in shape and characteristics. Interestingly, there are no restrictions on colour. The German Spitz's harsh outer coat coupled with his thick undercoat insulates him against all weathers. His high-set, well curled tail and his brisk movement give him an air of considerable importance in his bearing. He is not a difficult breed to maintain as long as his grooming is thorough. An independent character with a happy outlook on life, the German Spitz makes an ideal pet, who is quite capable of living with old and young alike.

Bristly-coated gundogs have always interested the Germans, and in the late 1800s there were several varieties. It was exactly this wide variation that led eventually to the setting up of separate organisations. So the GWP came into existence, and today Wirehaireds lead the registration for all hunting dogs in Germany. He was introduced to the British scene more recently than his Shorthaired cousin, but is now increasing in popularity here too, particularly with those who require a dog for the rough shoot. His thick, harsh outer coat, measuring up to 4 centimetres (1 and a half inches long, protects him from the ravages of thorn and bramble, while not being so long as to make him impractical in foul weather as a household companion. He is only about an inch taller than the Shorthaired, but he gives the impression of being larger and heavier. Easily trained and friendly, he has a tough, cheerful appearance, making him as good a family dog as he is a worker. His colour is liver and white, solid liver or black and white, but not, for preference, solid black.

At one time the three varieties of Schnauzer were in the Utility Group, but because of his size and working ability the Giant was moved to the Working Group. An imposing dog, large and square in outline, he combines strength with agility. His outlook is bold and vigorous. Farmers around the Munich area used him as a droving dog from the fifteenth century until the coming of the railways, when large cattle drives vanished. Interest in the breed was lost in the rural communities and he re-emerged in the towns and cities as a guard or even a mascot in beer halls and butchers' shops. He also became a breed used widely for police and security work in Europe. Amenable to training, not aggressive unless provoked, he is a good house-dog and a lovable pet. His coat is harsh and wiry, and should be trimmed regularly. Prominent eyebrows, a bristly moustache and whiskers give his strong head a keen expression. He is slow to mature, but a good stayer.

The breed, which originates from County Wicklow, Ireland, has been through some hard times in recent years, and although it is now making something of a comeback, numbers remain low. The breed was not formally recognised until 1930, and the Irish Kennel Club first put on classes for it in 1933. Until the banning of badger trials in 1966, the Glen had to earn a certificate at a trial as well as winning in the show ring before he could be called 'champion'. Although the test is no longer necessary, the Glen is still thought of as a working dog, whose bowed front legs were desirable to give the dog what was termed a 'mechanical advantage' when digging. A tough, robust dog, the Glen has a mixture of the game and the gentle about him. He appears on first impression to be a rather rough chap " and his harsh coat of blue, wheaten or brindle tends to confirm this " but he is, in fact, a good family companion, not nearly as noisy as many small terriers, although his guttural bark would deter most intruders. Despite his build, he is very much more active than one would expect.

This stylish dog is built on the lines of a weight-carrying hunter. He comes in one colour pattern, black and tan; he gives the impression of being built to work steadily and without glamour, all day and every day, and as such attracts those who need a dog which will do his job without fuss. The Gordon, as his name implies, hails from the estates of the Dukes of Gordon, and has a long history of honest trainability, which endears him to those who appreciate a kindly, intelligent dog capable of enjoying all the exercise which a household can give him. His heavy coat will require regular attention to keep it clear of mud and thorns. Its length and weight mean that it takes time to dry but, properly maintained, the coat will gleam and shine.

The Grand Bleu is an aristocrat among hounds, being tall and possessed of a long head with very characteristic markings. He owns a powerful baying voice, which will certainly persuade the neighbours that there is a new presence among them. The basic colour is white with black patches, and black-mottled all over, producing a blue tinge, from which the Bleu name is derived. He gives the impression that he is sad, a quality to which a French canine historian alluded in describing his 'majestic allure and aristocratic melancholy'. Like all hounds, Bleus are hunters, once of wolves, and in modern times of hares. They do not gallop aimlessly after their quarry so much as pursue it unremittingly. They live in a world of scent and need understanding owners, sensitive to the fact that they are not as easily trained as are gundogs or the herding breeds. The breed failed to find favour as a hunting dog in Great Britain once the wolf was extinct. His introduction as a show dog is very recent. The attraction is his size combined with elegance. It is to be hoped that his excellence at following a cold scent is not lost in the show-breeding programmes of British breeders. They are best maintained in outside kennels with their own runs. Definitely a breed for the connoisseur, not for the masses!

This handsome, elegant dog comes in a variety of striking colours. Used as a hunting dog in the pursuit of wild boar, the Dane has been the national dog of Germany since 1876. While he is also known as the German Mastiff, his mastiff characteristics were altered by crossing with hounds over the years. The breed was introduced to Britain in 1877. Despite his great size, the Great Dane makes an excellent house-dog. True, he will stretch out in front of the fire, blocking the warmth from the rest of the family, and will commandeer the most comfortable armchair or settee. These are his privileges. His kindly disposition, affection for children, devotion to his family and easy tolerance of other animals more than compensate. He is clean in his habits and his short coat is easy to groom. Dignified and noble, with a look of dash and daring, ready to go anywhere at any time, an excellent guard and watchdog - these are just some of his many attributes.

It is thought that the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog originates from dogs left behind in Switzerland by the Romans, and it may have some Molosser breeds in its ancestry. These dogs, crossed with local Swiss herding dogs, produced a distinct type of dog that the Swiss classified into four breeds, differentiated by size and coat. One of these, the Bernese Mountain Dog, has long been favoured in the UK. Now the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is also gaining some popularity, and it is easy to see the similarity between the two breeds. The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog has the same distinctive coat colour and patterning; black with red/gold and white markings. However, his coat is short and requires less grooming. He is a large, handsome dog, standing up to 72 centimetres (28.5 inches) high, with a calm and steady disposition and an eagerness to learn. His temperament makes him a popular family pet but he needs plenty of exercise and thrives on activities to engage his intelligence. Devoted to his owners, he can be a very good guard dog, a role that he often filled on farms in his native land, where he was also used to pull the milk carts and to herd cattle. (He was first recognised by the Swiss Kennel Club in 1910 as the Grosse Schweizer Sennenhund, which can be loosely translated as 'alpine herdsman'.)

The Greenland Dog, as his name suggests originated in Greenland, where he was traditionally employed as an all-purpose haulage dog. Similar in general construction to the Alaskan Malamute and Siberian Husky, he comes mid-way between these breeds in both height and weight. Whilst the breed was never domesticated by its original owners and is not suited to the novice owner due to its primitive Spitz nature, it can fit well into the family environment of a responsible, active owner. The Greenland Dog enjoys life to the full and is a happy extrovert. Whilst he is normally quiet, he will indulge with his colleagues in an impromptu howl-in. As is to be expected with his background, he is a dog that requires a lot of exercise and it will not tire him.

The experts, although not unanimous, consider that the Greyhound could have had its origins in the Middle East. Drawings of Greyhound-type dogs have been found on walls in Ancient Egyptian tombs dating as far back as 4000 BC. Though dogs of the type spread through Europe over the years, it was in Britain that they were developed to a standard. The prototype of the so-called sighthounds, or gazehounds, the Greyhound is well known to many people who have never been anywhere near a dog show and probably wouldn't even know that Greyhounds were ever exhibited. The show animal is somewhat bigger than his racing cousin, while the coursing version, which hunts the live hare as opposed to the electric, is, if anything, slightly smaller, giving him greater manoeuvrability. The racing Greyhound was developed from that which was used for coursing, and only the cheetah tops the Greyhound for speed. One racing Greyhound was clocked at over 45 mph. The Greyhound comes in virtually every colour, with or without white. He is possessed of an insatiable instinct to chase and kill, and this is a trait to be remembered when there are small dogs and cats about, but with humans, there is no such problem " he is gentle, affectionate and faithful. This breed makes a grand companion in a household where the family has the time and energy to give the dog adequate exercise. Despite the fact that he is so active, he is not a big eater. He is also easy to keep clean and shining with a minimum of polishing with a hound glove.

At one time known as the Belgian street urchin, this breed originated in Belgium and has traces of Affenpinscher in its ancestry. A variety of this little dog appeared in a painting by the Flemish artist Jan van Eyck as long ago as 1434 and the breed was already standard in type by the 1600s. He used to earn his keep as a stable dog where horses for hansom cabs were kept. He arrived in Britain in the late 1800s. Pert, with a monkey face, this enchanting toy dog is a constant source of amusement and delight to those fortunate enough to be owned by him. His terrier-like qualities mean that he is happy to indulge in plenty of exercise. He is fearless, not yappy but a good house-dog, and a devoted companion who suits either town or country. There are two varieties, rough and smooth, the latter known as Petit Brabançon. The rough-coated variety requires stripping once or twice a year, but regular grooming with a hound glove will keep the smooth-coated dogs in shining condition.

This handsome, stylish dog comes from Sweden, where he is the most popular of the hound breeds. He carries the name of Count Hamilton, who created the breed in the late 1800s. The Count was a connoisseur of hounds and one of the founders of the Swedish Kennel Club. His foundation dog and bitch for the Hamiltonstovare were basically of English Foxhound breeding crossed with German hounds. The Hamilton is a hunting dog that is not used in packs but hunts singly. He is more suited to the country than the town and will spend hours in the fields. Should he get out on his own, he will be far too engrossed to come back to a quick whistle, but will eventually return in his own good time. His richly coloured black, tan and white coat combined with his elegant head carriage add to his attraction. His coat is easy to care for. A dog who likes to work, he makes a happy, easy-going friend and companion.

The Havanese is the National Dog of Cuba, where he is known as the Habanero. It is thought that these dogs reached Cuba, where they were the playthings of the wealthy, via either Spanish colonists or Italian traders. When the communist regime took control of Cuba, many major owners and breeders fled to the USA, taking their dogs with them. The Havanese is a lively toy dog, not in any way delicate, but well able to stand up for himself in boisterous play. His coat should be long and soft " the breed was at one time known as the Havana Silk Dog - and should not be scissored into shape. Many colours are allowed, from white through cream to black, blue, silver and chocolate. Affectionate and intelligent, he enjoys being the centre of the family circle but does not expect to rule the roost.

This is a breed of considerable antiquity: records of dogs of this type date as far back as the 1200s and the breed has been known for many centuries as a guard dog, mainly of the farmyard. After a blank period in its history, it re-emerged in the early 1900s thanks to the efforts of a Kurt Konig. There was some debate as to whether the breed had been truly resurrected or whether it was in fact a re-invented breed. However, it is generally thought that dogs of the old-type Hovawart had survived in isolated farm and rural areas and that these were the basis of today's breed, which was recognised by the German Kennel Club in 1937. Only seen in the UK in recent decades, the Hovawart is now emerging as a truly recognisable breed here, although the variation of colour permitted by the breed standard means that, at first glance, he can be difficult to distinguish from several other breeds to which he bears considerable resemblance. A practical dog as well as an attractive one, the Hovawart is an intelligent, trainable breed, with a good nose and an ability to hunt. He makes a good, companionable house-dog who is not hard to feed and whose coat is relatively easy to keep tidy.

The Kuvasz is an independent powerful dog used for the protection of flocks in Hungary by nomadic herdsmen, although he has adapted to become a guard for people and property. His medium-length white, wavy coat is relatively easy to groom and is thick enough to withstand extremes of wintry weather. He stands up to 75 centimetres (29 and a half inches) at the withers and can weigh as much as 52 kilograms (115 pounds) or so " he is not bulky, but has a muscular frame. He does not take kindly to unfair discipline, requiring firm treatment coupled with companionship and attention in order to socialise him to fit modern home conditions. Although he will live as a family member within the home, he should also be provided with an adequately fenced territory to patrol and protect. This is not a breed for the casual owner.

There can be no mistaking the Puli, although the casual observer may well be confused as to which way the dog is heading. It may also come as something of a surprise to find that his coat seems to glory in getting itself into the sort of tangle that in another breed would be regarded as having been neglected by its owner. But in his native Hungary, the Puli needs a thick coat that will not only withstand intense cold but also keep out the rain as he goes about his work as a herder for the flocks. The origins of the breed are obscure. Much of Hungary's culture derives from the Far East and as the Magyars moved westwards and into Hungary they brought with them many things, including dogs. There are those who can see in the Puli a likeness to the Tibetan Terrier as well as to other mid-European breeds, and there is also a resemblance to the Poodle, whose coat will cord similarly, given the opportunity. The Puli is a highly intelligent and trainable dog and makes an excellent house-dog as he is a great barker at the least sound. His natural disposition is friendly and he is consequently highly companionable. He is not, however, a dog for the idle, as his coat, which starts life fluffy and only cords as he matures, requires a great deal of attention. He is an active chap who does not appreciate a life of sybaritic ease and so also demands a fair amount of exercise.

This breed comes from the central plains of Hungary, though one school of thought believes it reached there with invaders from farther east. It suffered as a result of war in Europe and much of today's modern stock has been developed from dogs taken out of Hungary by emigrants. Medium sized and elegantly built, he is an outstanding all-purpose gundog, combining an excellent nose with stable pointing, good retrieving and a positive enjoyment of working in water. He has great stamina and is happy to work in all weathers. He has an aristocratic air, with a lively but equable temperament. His short, coarse, easy-to-care for coat is richly coloured in russet gold. An intelligent dog, with a good memory, which makes him easy to train, he is responsive to intelligent handling. He is a very popular pet in his native Hungary, where he adapts to living quarters of all sizes.

A truly handsome Hunt, Point and Retrieve breed in the same glowing colour as the better-known smooth coated Vizsla, the Wirehaired Vizsla has made a mini-revival in Great Britain since 1991. The same weight and height as his cousin, but with a harsh jacket, he also has somewhat bushy eyebrows, which render his facial expression perhaps a trifle sterner. He also has very much the same style of behaviour as the smooth-coated breed, and is accepted as a good worker in the shooting world.

A typical Mediterranean hound, with tall ears, as depicted on Egyptian tombs and pottery since time immemorial. Though the breed takes his name from the island of Ibiza, he probably arrived there by way of early trading ships, such as those of the Phoenicians. The breed has been known not only on Ibiza but also on the neighbouring island of Formentera for something like 5,000 years. A relentless hunter, who can shut his ears to all human entreaty when on the chase, he is not a breed for the town dweller, who is usually unable to provide adequate exercise with a reasonable degree of freedom for him to gallop. The breed's ability to jump considerable heights gives him a justified reputation as an escapologist. He is temperamentally aloof with strangers but devoted to his owners. The smooth coat is easy to keep clean, and even the rough-coated variety sponges down quickly. The breed feels the cold if left outside in a British winter.

This breed derives from the same root-stock as the Irish Setter, and may even have been his predecessor. Records provide several references to the breed being kept in prominent kennels of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, one of which was owned by the Lord Rossmore of Monaghan. Even today, the Red and White is occasionally known as the Rossmore Setter. Relatively recently reintroduced to the UK, and steadily increasing in popularity, he is similar to the Irish, but differs in having a more powerful, broader head, and a less prominent peak to the back of the skull. He is also heavier in body, and is described as athletic rather than racy. He sports an easily maintained coat of medium length that is basically white with solid red patches. As with the solid red Irish Setter, the Kennel Club standard does not state specific height or weight requirements, and some are known to stand up to 68.5 centimetres (27 inches) and weigh around 32 kilograms (70 pounds). He is a good-natured dog, capable of joining in family pursuits, and is not difficult to feed.

The Irish Setter must rank amongst the most glamorous of all the breeds of dog. Immensely popular with all manner of people, he is ideal as a centre of attraction for the glossy advertisement, with his rich chestnut coat gleaming as only that of a healthy athlete can. A moderate amount of white on his chest is not uncommon and will not disqualify him for the show ring. His air of the devil-may-care is totally genuine, and his friendly, affectionate nature makes him a good household dog ready for all the fun and frolic a family will hand him. Despite his racy outlines, he needs to be powerful in his hindquarters, and well boned throughout. Given the chance, he will demonstrate that underneath the glamour there is a worker willing to give of his best. The popularity of the solid Reds increased from about the late 1800s, when they had become amongst the top-winning dogs, and a breed club for the Irish (Red) Setter was formed in 1882, pushing the Red and White into something of a decline, which now has been reversed. As with the Red and White, there are no specific height or weight restrictions in the standard and specimens can be found up to 68.5 centimetres (27 inches) and weighing as much as 32 kilograms (70 pounds).

Once called the Irish Red Terrier to distinguish the breed from other terriers in Ireland, the Irish Terrier may well be the oldest of them all. The breed was first shown in Ireland in 1875, when there was still variation in size and type, and was also the first of all the native Irish terriers to receive recognition by the Kennel Club in England, back in the nineteenth century. Daredevil at heart, reckless and sometimes foolhardy where canine opponents are concerned, the Irish Terrier nevertheless has the softest, most gentle and loving dispositions, coupled with a delightful sense of humour. He is totally reliable with youngsters and has a sympathetic attitude to the moods and foibles of adults. This long-legged terrier is good-looking too, with a harsh red coat and a graceful racy outline.

Standing very nearly a yard high at the shoulder, the Wolfhound is not only the tallest of all the hounds, but also the biggest breed of them all. In addition, he is well built in all departments, any tendency to lightness of head, limbs or body being frowned on by his devotees. In spite of his size, he is one of the gentlest of dogs, with an expression that combines pride and calm, but that can occasionally light up with genial mischief as his dark eyes flash. Everything about the Wolfhound is large, but one of his greatest attributes is his perfection of balance, his rough, harsh coat fitting his image perfectly. Originally, the Wolfhound could be found with either a smooth or a rough coat, though in early years there was probably great variance of type. After the last wolf was killed in Ireland, before 1800, the breed almost died out and was further affected by the Great Famine of the late 1840s. There followed a restoration of the breed by 1870 and a breed club was in existence by 1885. The Wolfhound never appears to hurry, but he can cover a lot of ground and obviously is a dog that needs space and reasonable exercise. He also needs food in fair quantity, especially in his growing years, when his rapid increase in size requires attention to a high-calibre diet if his huge frame is to be properly developed. He is a delightful dog, but not a breed to be taken on lightly.

This graceful, racy little dog claims a heritage dating back to the days of Pompeii, from where he found his way to Britain in the seventeenth century. Evidence that small hounds of this type existed can be found in the ancient tombs of Egypt, but it was in the Italy of the Romans that the Italian Greyhound was bred to perfection. It is probable that this was the first breed ever to be developed as a pet and a lap dog. Cheerful, brave and courageous, with exquisitely delicate lines, he has a gentle and loving nature. He is comfort-loving, and will happily wrap himself in a blanket. Daily grooming is easily carried out with a velvet pad or a piece of silk. Coat colours come in an attractive range, from all shades of gold and blue to parti-colour and pied. Although he is ideal as a pet for town, he is nevertheless a dog that likes plenty of exercise, and he can run with the best over fields. Despite his Dresden-like quality, he is by no means delicate.

An all-purpose gundog brought into Great Britain relatively recently, this breed is already showing a fair degree of popularity with those wanting a hardy worker in the field or a faithful, patient companion in the house. There is quite possibly a bit of hound in his make-up, and he is adaptable enough to put up a good performance as a guard dog if he is asked to do so. Though the Spinone did not achieve championship status in Britain until 1994, it is a very old breed, whose true origins are somewhat difficult to put together. It is thought that the breed has a lot of blood of native hounds of Italy mixed with that of the French Griffons. Another of the Hunt, Point and Retrieve breeds from Continental Europe, he is noted for his good scenting and soft mouth and is especially successful as a worker in rough woodland or marshes. An easy dog to train, he will fit into the family pattern. His thick, somewhat wiry coat is simple to keep in good order, so that he does not cause a great deal of mess on returning from a walk across farm land or a day on a rough shoot. His colour is basically white all over with a variable amount of orange or brown, which can be speckled or patched. He is unusual in having a slight slope in his back from his withers and then back up again towards the croup.

The Japanese Akita Inu was separated from the Akita in the UK in 2006, following the division of the two breeds in most other countries, and is probably closer to the original type of dog bred in Japan than the Akita, which owes some of its development to the USA. The Japanese Akita Inu is neither as heavy nor as substantial as its cousin and is more Oriental in expression. Colour is also an important difference between the two: whilst the Akita can be any colour, the Japanese Akita Inu has only four recognised colours and the standard is very specific about the permitted 'Urajuro' markings. Although very loyal and faithful to his family, the Japanese Akita Inu is not the dog for every home, and is perhaps not the breed for a first-time dog owner. He is very independent in character, sometimes to the point of stubbornness, and is not particularly social with other dogs, the males tending to be dominant. However, he is extremely clean, loves his immediate family and, if trained correctly, will respond and learn quickly. When fully mature, he will accept as little or as much exercise as you care to give him.

The Japanese Chin is an Oriental aristocrat in bearing and demeanour. History tells us that he originated in China and made his way to Japan as a gift from the Empress of China to that of Japan. In some parts of the world, he known as the Japanese Spaniel. The word 'chin' means cat-like and he does use his paws in the manner of a cat to wash his face. Although he is a dainty little dog, he is in no way delicate. He is bright and intelligent, very stylish and extrovert, and has a perpetual look of astonishment. Charming and beautiful he certainly is, but he does tend to leave tell-tale signs on the furniture, as his profuse black-and-white, or red-and-white, coat sheds and needs regular weekly care. He is not a suitable pet for small children, who may not be able to resist picking him up and could accidentally drop him.

A relatively recent newcomer from Japan, the Shiba Inu is a neat, tidy Spitz-style dog that shows every sign of becoming popular. Shiba Inu literally means 'small dog' and, ideally, this breed should look like a smaller version of the Akita. Shibas originate in the mountainous inland areas of Japan, their work being that of a hunting dog, mainly of ground game, though they are occasionally called on to help track larger game, such as boar and deer. A very alert, small dog, he gives the impression of being interested in everything going on around him. His size makes him ideal as a pet in such a highly populated country as Japan, where he is one of the most popular dogs. On first sight, one expects that he could be a somewhat yappy animal, but in fact he tends to watch and study rather than shout the odds. The thick, dense undercoat keeps him very warm and copes with rain very efficiently. Colour wise, most of the specimens seen here are red, but the standard also allows him to be 'red sesame' or black and tan, as well as white with red or grey tinges.

Yet another of the growing army of Spitz-type dogs now being seen in the UK, this lap-sized breed descended from Nordic longhaired dogs. It was taken to Japan early in the twentieth century and, after its arrival there, was bred to reduce its size. The breed was then exported to Sweden, where it was readily accepted, and in 1970 some were brought from Sweden to England. A small, nimble dog, he demands neither excessive feeding nor much exercise, and his startlingly white coat and bold, affectionate nature make him an attractive household pet. He is never lost for a word and will indicate the presence of invaders in a forceful manner. Like many of his type, his profuse standoff coat and his thick underlay need hearty attention on a regular basis, but this does not mean that a new owner is condemning himself to hard labour for life.

Known as the Dutch Barge Dog, the Keeshond takes its name from the Dutch Patriot, Cornelius de Gysalaer, who was nicknamed 'Kees'. His dog became the symbol of the Dutch Patriot party members who followed him, but his party fell and people turned their back on the breed, which went into decline. Nearly 150 years later, in 1920, through the interest of Baroness von Hardenbroek, good specimens were found, and once more the Keeshond prospered. It was seen not only in the Netherlands but also in England and America in the 1930s. The Keeshond is a typical prick-eared, curly-tailed Spitz, full of activity and occasionally of noise. Quite capable of letting visitors know that their arrival has been detected, he is then only too ready to greet them as long-lost friends. A hardy dog, easily able to withstand the most Arctic temperatures, he will take all the exercise you want to give him. He is also easy to feed, and much easier to groom than his thick, long double coat would suggest. A great companion dog for all ages, from children to the elderly.

The coat is quite a feature of this breed; puppies are born black and can take up to eighteen months to change to blue. The coat itself is soft and silky, resembling astrakhan, and does not shed. An extrovert at heart, the Kerry is a compact, spirited dog, determined but adaptable. He makes a good house pet, kind with people but an excellent guard. Coming from a rustic Irish background, he is understandably fond of outdoor pursuits, likes water and is easily trained. Actual origins of the breed are obscure, but there are references to a blackish blue dog native to County Kerry, which may have been the root stock. It was possibly mated to a dog that swam ashore from a wrecked ship in the Bay of Tralee in the 1700s. The breed reached its peak in the 1920s, when there were four breed clubs in Ireland and the Kerry Blue made up more than twenty-five per cent of Irish Kennel Club registrations.

A clear relative of the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, this dog is thus called because the breed was a great favourite of King Charles II. In some countries, he is known as the English Toy Spaniel. Toy spaniels have long been treasured as pets both in England and on the Continent and were bred to a smaller and smaller size from setter dogs, which established the type for spaniels. Basically these were little gun dogs, but pampered by wealthy owners, admired for their companionship and crossed with toy dogs from the East, giving rise to their facial appearance. The King Charles Spaniel is compact, with a very distinctive domed skull, and has a wide, deep, turned-up muzzle. His large, dark eyes give him a soft, appealing expression. His long, silky coat is easily cared for, and he is clean and quiet in his habits. A true aristocrat, he is elegant and cheerful, and makes a very affectionate, devoted companion.

The Komondor hails from Hungary, where he is a guarding dog for the herds and flocks on the farms. A dog never to be trifled with, he will take care of anything or any place that he has been taught to regard as his charge and he will do so to the utmost of his ability. As a result, he is totally unsuited to a town life, where he would be miserable as well as a liability; even in the country, he requires a very well-defined territory on which he is not going to encounter a casual hiker or a visiting postman. Known in Hungary for a thousand years, the Komondor is descended from the Owtcharki, which was taken into Hungary by the nomadic Magyars who moved westwards from the East. He is not a dog demanding a great deal of food and he has an easy-going attitude to exercise, but his corded coat needs regular care. Those who consider taking him on should study the breed carefully and closely before taking steps to acquire such a dog.

The compactly small breed, which hails from the Netherlands, is blessed with a spectacular coat of clear red"orange splodges on a white background. His eye-catching coat is effectively used to attract swimming ducks and seduce them along streams into netting traps. The whole effect is enhanced by the gaily-carried, well-feathered tail that he waves aloft. For those not involved in duck hunting, he can be a cheerful and neat companion; he enjoys human company, especially the energetic variety.

The Jindo dog is the only breed in the world that is cared for, funded and technically owned by a government. The Korean Government has designated the breed as a national treasure and therefore works to ensure the breed is responsibly bred and that all breeding is in line with breed standard. Until the 1970s, Jindo Island was separated from mainland Korea by a hazardous expanse of water and this geographical isolation was a major factor in retaining the purity of the breed. The Jindo is a medium-sized hunting dog, exceptionally loyal to its master and with remarkable homing instincts. Stories exist of Jindos travelling hundreds of miles to return home to a previous owner. As a primitive breed, the Jindo hunted in packs, its prey being wild boar and deer. They are hardy, develop great devotion with their owner but can be wilful and stubborn.

The Korthals Griffon is named after its breeder and developer, Eduard Karel Korthals. Leaving the Netherlands, Korthals settled in Hesse, Germany, where he took over management of the Bibesheim kennels of the Prince of Solms-Braunfels. Here, he started his breeding programme with seven Griffons of varying type. In less than 20 years, he bred some 600 dogs, of which he kept only 62. He worked these selected dogs in woods, marshes and open country. His aim was to produce a hardy, all-terrain hunting dog. Today, the Korthals Griffon is a very popular working Hunt, Point and Retrieve dog on the Continent. A strong natural hunter, he makes an excellent rough shooting dog and is in his element both on wide open moor and close cover. His coat is coarse and wirehaired with a dense undercoat; he must never be curly or woolly coated. The Korthals Griffon is gentle, proud and very loyal, neither timid nor aggressive. He guards his property well, but is also very much at home by the fire, alongside his family owners.

The name of the breed reveals its origins; the expansive marshes of the Romagne district of Italy, where Lagotto (Italian dialect for curly coated duck retriever) were valued for their ability to retrieve ducks from water. The draining of the marshes in the early 1900s led to the decline of duck hunting and there was less demand for dogs to work to their traditional purpose. However, an alternative use was soon found for him: his natural scenting ability made him ideal as a truffle hunter and in his native land that is now seen as his primary purpose. Although it is thought that the breed has been known in Italy for centuries, it was not recognised by the Italian Kennel Club until 1991, since when it has spread worldwide. In countries outside Italy where the truffle does not exist, the breed is seen primarily as a water retriever, aided for this purpose by his water-resistant double coat of tight curls. The growth in popularity of the breed as a show dog has brought a fairly rapid increase of registrations in all countries. The coat, in a variety of colours, and skilful preparations of it, makes the Lagotto an eye-catching dog in the gundog group, but it is to be hoped that the breed does not lose its essentially 'rustic' or workmanlike appearance. The Lagotto is sociable with other animals and loves human companionship. He can adapt to urban living, but retains his hunting ability and enjoys an active lifestyle. His coat has the attraction of being non-shedding, but it does require clipping at least once a year.

A cheerful little rascal, hardy and agile, he comes from England's Lake District, where once his ancestors were known by the names of their area of origin, and eventually linked under the all-embracing name of Lakeland. Courageous, affectionate, tireless, lovable and naughty - all of these epithets fit him well. Small enough to tuck under your arm, he is tough enough to spend a whole day running in the countryside. He belongs to the trimmed breeds, but apart from professional care twice a year his coat is easy to keep tidy on a day-to-day basis. The breed was not known as Lakeland until a club was formed in 1912 and the Kennel Club formally recognised the breed in 1921. One famed Lakeland was Champion Stingray of Derrybah who was Best in Show at Crufts in 1967 and then became Best in Show at America's Westminster show the following year. A trophy recognising this dual achievement is housed at the Kennel Club in London, having been presented by the American Kennel Club in acknowledgment of Stingray being the first dog to have won both these prestigious shows. Kerry Ch. Torums Scarf Michael has since matched this achievement.

The origins of the Lancashire Heeler are not clearly defined, but it has been suggested that when cattle were herded from Wales by Corgis to slaughter in the Ormskirk area, the 'Welsh heeler' met the Manchester Terrier, with obvious results. Certainly, the breed is found in that area and has been bred there for many generations. The Heeler is an intelligent, eager-to-please fellow, with a love of people; he enjoys being with children because he likes joining in games. He is trainable but does best under a firm, kindly owner; he can be a handful if he is not kept occupied as he is possessed of a prodigious amount of energy in his small frame. If he gets excited, he can revert to his calling and take a nip at the rear end of anyone who is handy, but he is not basically a 'biter', being content to warn the intruder by noise accompanied by a furiously wagging tail. He has a hearty appetite to go with his super-abundant energy. He requires only a damp chamois-leather and a quick brush to restore him to acceptable in-house cleanliness. He is reasonably friendly to other dogs, but has a tendency to want to be the pack-leader. If he lives with other pack-leader candidates, this may cause problems. He is tough, basically very sound in construction, and doesn't ail a great deal, although it might be hard to tell if he is out of sorts as he doesn't like to admit it.

The large influx of breeds of gundog from Continental Europe since the early 1950s has introduced a number of multi-purpose dogs to the rough-shooting scene in the UK. None has been more strikingly handsome than this tall black headed, white-and-black bodied breed from Munster in Germany, which was first registered by the Kennel Club in 1971. Since then, he has proved himself both an effective worker and a family companion. A biddable dog, he gives the impression that he enjoys life and would like you to enjoy it too. His coat is long and dense, with a good deal of feathering on the legs and under the tail; he also has a fair amount of hair between his toes, so he can bring a heap of the great outdoors into the parlour if allowed to make an unhindered entrance straight from the shooting field or the country ramble. The Munsterlander does well in obedience competition and is good with children.

The Leonberger hails from the German town of Leonberg. Produced originally by crossing the Newfoundland with the St. Bernard, he is naturally a powerful dog, though not as massive as either of the breeds from which he came. The breed was created in 1840 by the then mayor of Leonberg, Heinrich Essig, to honour his town. He was helped by monks from the Hospice of St. Bernard, who sent him dogs. In return, Essig helped the monastery, whose St. Bernards had suffered in both numbers and quality, by sending the monks some of his crosses. After the end of the First World War, records stated that only five Leonbergers remained alive. Careful breeding began to restore the breed, but it again suffered during the Second World War, after which only eight could be found. It took twenty-five more years to see the breed firmly re-established, but it has now become well known in the UK. A good guarding breed, the Leonberger is of generally equable temper. His well-feathered, pendant ears, black mask and medium-textured coat give him an attractive appearance. He moves in a deliberate, firm fashion, and never appears to be in a hurry.

This breed comes from Tibet where many live at high altitudes and the climate can be severe. He has to be a hardy little dog to withstand these conditions, and this has had a great influence on his development. His long, hard coat with its dense undercoat acts as insulation during winter, and the fall of hair over his eyes protects them from the wind, dust and glare. An Apso in full coat is a most impressive sight. It is not difficult to keep his coat in good condition, though grooming is necessary, for it will become matted if not properly cared for. The Lhasa Apso is one of several Eastern breeds to come to the West. The first ones arrived in the UK in the early 1920s and were being shown in London soon after. When they were first seen here they were confused with other shaggy Oriental dogs and all were labelled 'Lhasa Terriers'. Later, a distinction was made, especially between the Apso and the Tibetan Terrier, which is thought to have been behind the early Apsos. A breed club for the Lhasa Apso was established in the UK in 1933. He is of an independent nature, and can be quite stubborn and chary of strangers, but he is very loving and affectionate to friends and family. He will happily walk for miles over any terrain and makes a charming and very attractive pet, with his jaunty movement and proud head carriage, all set off by a beautifully plumed tail.

The Lowchen's origins are obscure, though probably European, and it is suggested that he has affinities with the Bichon. The breed's home country is listed as France, although it has been established in Spain and Germany as well as France since the 1500s. The Lowchen was relatively rare until the 1960s, was first registered in the UK in 1971 and gained championship status just five years later. He has an attractive, silky textured coat in a variety of colours, and the manner in which this is trimmed " with a lion-like mane of hair over the forequarters and the hair of the hindquarters clipped short " has given rise to his other name: Little Lion Dog. He is one of the sturdiest of the toy breeds, and one of the largest " he can be as tall as 33 centimetres (13 inches) " with a fairly broad head and large dark eyes, which give him an irresistible expression. Beyond his attractive appearance, the Lowchen is blessed with an affectionate and intelligent nature, and some have been successful in obedience and agility competitions. Active and playful, but adapting also to urban living, he has many qualities that make him a very suitable and popular family pet.

In view of his island origin, the Maltese is likely to have been a pure breed for many years. Small dogs of the type have been known around the Mediterranean for centuries and, as with many breeds, were traded by the Phoenicians as they sailed from country to country. There is evidence that the breed was in Malta in Roman times and the dogs were bred as pets, both as lap dogs and 'sleeve' dogs, carried in the coat sleeve. One of the sweetest of the Toy breeds, the Maltese needs a lot of attention to keep his long, soft, silky coat in immaculate condition. Much of his beauty comes from the stark contrast of his dark eyes with their black rims, and black nose against his pure white coat. To achieve the correct expression, the head must be equally balanced from stop to occiput, and stop to tip of nose. His temperament is merry and friendly, and he is very bright and intelligent. A lively little dog, full of fun, who belies his chocolate-box appearance.

A good-looking black and tan dog with the advantage of a smooth coat. His name denotes his origin, and it is likely that there is some Whippet in his ancestry. Elegant and graceful, he was bred as a ratter and can still be relied upon to despatch vermin quickly and efficiently. Rat killing reached its peak in the mid-1800s and what dog shows there were at that time were usually held in public houses. In Manchester, especially, these became a weekly feature and soon this terrier had classes of his own, eventually taking the name Manchester Terrier. In spite of his background, there is nothing sharp about him with humans " he is a sporting companion, very agile and not aggressive. He becomes devoted to his family and fits into any environment, be it town or country.

Still used in Italy to guard the flocks and property of the shepherds, he is named after the plains of Maremma, which have been used for centuries as grazing land. His exact origins are unknown, but he is believed to be a descendant of the white working dogs of the Magyars. His first appearance in Britain was recorded in 1872, but the breed was still relatively rare until 1976, when a concerted effort was made to import and breed good stock. A majestic, large dog with a thick white weatherproof coat, he is agile, muscular and strongly built, with a preference for the outdoors. Independent by nature, he is somewhat aloof and not easy to train. He is also very intelligent, with a highly developed guarding instinct, which he automatically exercises to protect his family and home.

The Mastiff has been in existence for many hundreds of years, though not in exactly the form we know it today. The breed has played its part in history since well before the Battle of Agincourt, in the early fifteenth century, when accounts tell of its courage and guarding instincts. Indeed, when the Romans invaded Britain, they found a mastiff-type dog already here, and were so impressed that they took some back to fight in the arenas of Rome, and by the time the Normans conquered Britain some 1,000 years later, the mastiff type had become so common that the French word for mastiff, dogue, found its way into the English language. Despite this, the breed almost became extinct in Britain after the Second World War. Stock was then imported, and since that time the numerical strength and quality of the breed have taken an upsurge. The Mastiff is an extremely large dog in both height and girth, broad and deep in body, full of substance and with large strong bones. He combines grandeur with good nature. A very intelligent dog, he is not excitable, but is affectionate towards his owner. He requires plenty of human contact and good food and is best suited to a home where there are opportunities for exercise.

A rich history adorns the Mexican Hairless: also known as the Xoloitzcuintle, which means God-dog, it was thought by the Aztecs to be a gift from the gods that was endowed with many magical and special qualities, including healing and protection. These dogs were also used as bed warmers as they are remarkably warm to the touch. Unfortunately, they were also valued greatly for their flesh and were eaten as a delicacy, as well as sacrificed to the gods. It was also believed that the dogs knew the way to the 'Land of the Dead' and they were therefore often sacrificed upon the deaths of their owners and buried with them in the tomb. The Mexican Hairless has been close to extinction on more than one occasion: the breed was decimated in the conquest of the Aztecs in the sixteenth century and in the political revolution in Mexico in the early twentieth century. In 1954, an expedition was mounted by scientists, conservationists and dog breeders to save the 'Xolo' from possibly extinction. The Mexican expedition, led by Norman Pelham-Wright, managed to collect some unrelated examples of the breed to form a workable conservation programme based in the USA, Canada and Europe as well as Mexico. A breeding pair came to London Zoo in 1956. Fortunately, the breed survived, and gained a devoted, if specialised, following. It is not a breed that is ever likely to be numerically great: its lack of 'cuddlesome' appeal, due to its naked skin, does not lend itself to public popularity. However, those who get to know the breed will vouch for its intelligence and exotic charm. These dogs are hardy and healthy and make excellent companions. The breed comes in three sizes. Obviously no grooming is required, but the skin can be kept in good condition with the application of baby oil or moisturiser.

A rich history adorns the Mexican Hairless: also known as the Xoloitzcuintle, which means God-dog, it was thought by the Aztecs to be a gift from the gods that was endowed with many magical and special qualities, including healing and protection. These dogs were also used as bed warmers as they are remarkably warm to the touch. Unfortunately, they were also valued greatly for their flesh and were eaten as a delicacy, as well as sacrificed to the gods. It was also believed that the dogs knew the way to the 'Land of the Dead' and they were therefore often sacrificed upon the deaths of their owners and buried with them in the tomb. The Mexican Hairless has been close to extinction on more than one occasion: the breed was decimated in the conquest of the Aztecs in the sixteenth century and in the political revolution in Mexico in the early twentieth century. In 1954, an expedition was mounted by scientists, conservationists and dog breeders to save the 'Xolo' from possibly extinction. The Mexican expedition, led by Norman Pelham-Wright, managed to collect some unrelated examples of the breed to form a workable conservation programme based in the USA, Canada and Europe as well as Mexico. A breeding pair came to London Zoo in 1956. Fortunately, the breed survived, and gained a devoted, if specialised, following. It is not a breed that is ever likely to be numerically great: its lack of 'cuddlesome' appeal, due to its naked skin, does not lend itself to public popularity. However, those who get to know the breed will vouch for its intelligence and exotic charm. These dogs are hardy and healthy and make excellent companions. The breed comes in three sizes. Obviously no grooming is required, but the skin can be kept in good condition with the application of baby oil or moisturiser.

A rich history adorns the Mexican Hairless: also known as the Xoloitzcuintle, which means God-dog, it was thought by the Aztecs to be a gift from the gods that was endowed with many magical and special qualities, including healing and protection. These dogs were also used as bed warmers as they are remarkably warm to the touch. Unfortunately, they were also valued greatly for their flesh and were eaten as a delicacy, as well as sacrificed to the gods. It was also believed that the dogs knew the way to the 'Land of the Dead' and they were therefore often sacrificed upon the deaths of their owners and buried with them in the tomb. The Mexican Hairless has been close to extinction on more than one occasion: the breed was decimated in the conquest of the Aztecs in the sixteenth century and in the political revolution in Mexico in the early twentieth century. In 1954, an expedition was mounted by scientists, conservationists and dog breeders to save the 'Xolo' from possibly extinction. The Mexican expedition, led by Norman Pelham-Wright, managed to collect some unrelated examples of the breed to form a workable conservation programme based in the USA, Canada and Europe as well as Mexico. A breeding pair came to London Zoo in 1956.

Developed in Germany from the larger smooth-coated variety, the Miniature Pinscher has been bred for some hundred years and appeared in the form we know around 1915, but it was not until after the Second World War that he really began to make his mark in Britain. He is smart and clean in outline, with a lustrous short coat, sturdy and compact in body and features a unique hackney gait. He is a lively and high-spirited dog, with quick reactions and a keen sense of hearing, which makes him a good little guard dog. Stylish, friendly and free from vice, he is an ideal size for even a small home.

A smart, small dog with a wiry coat, the Miniature Schnauzer, which is of German origin, was derived from the Schnauzer and, it is believed, the Affenpinscher. There are, in fact, three sizes of the Schnauzer: the Miniature, a Standard version and the Giant Schnauzer. The Standard version was the earliest of the three; the Miniature was developed later, making its debut in the show ring in 1899. The breed comes in three colours " pepper and salt, black, and black and silver " and its eyebrows and whiskers enhance its distinctive appearance. Daily grooming with a wire glove on the body and a comb through the whiskers and leg hair keeps these dogs in good shape, but they do require stripping twice a year. The Miniature Schnauzer's handy size makes him a popular town dog. He is robust, hardy and agile, and also very alert, always warning of the approach of strangers to his property.

This ancient breed is a descendant of the Roman Molossus and is the native Mastiff of Italy. His appearance is somewhat forbidding, especially in his homeland, where his ears are closely cropped, adding to his ferocious expression and giving the appearance of a very formidable guard dog. The breed so impressed the painter Piero Scanziani that he started his own kennel and he is considered the modern father of the breed. Originally bred to fight in the arena, the Neapolitan Mastiff has seen service over the years as a war dog, police dog, guard and draught dog, yet it was not until 1946 that the breed was seen at a show in Naples. He is an extremely large, heavy dog with loose skin forming a dewlap around the neck; this combined with his pendulous lips gives his already large head the impression of being even bigger. He is said to be of a very reliable temperament, and will only use his full force when so commanded.

Mystery seems to surround the origin of the Newfoundland, and history books tell us that the breed as we know it today almost certainly did not originate in North America. Legend has it that the Newfoundland developed from an early Tibetan Mastiff type that accompanied tribes who crossed the Polar region. Examples of the Newfoundland came to Britain on trade ships, the original dogs being lighter boned and smaller than today's breed and with a wide variance in colour. The standard for today's Newfoundland was written in the late 1800s and about this time the solid black became all the rage in England, and is now almost the only type known here. A gentle giant, this large, strong, heavily built dog combines docility with a mild guarding instinct. Robust and eager to please, he makes a very suitable companion for children, joining in their games and keeping a watchful eye on them in the absence of adults. As a puppy he looks like a cuddly teddy bear, but grows remarkably quickly into a very large, thick-coated adult. He loves water, and is a powerful swimmer, capable of pulling a rowing boat, or 'rescuing' anyone he feels might be in distress! Definitely not for the flat-dweller, he requires a moderate amount of exercise and regular grooming. Colours range from black and brown to Landseer, which is white with black markings and derived from Sir Edwin Landseer, who depicted many of these dogs in his famous paintings.

The Norfolk and the Norwich Terriers take their names, obviously, from the county and the city, but in the early and mid-1800s there was no such distinction between these breeds, both of which were considered simply as general farm dogs. It is thought by some that Glen of Imaals, red Cairn Terriers and Dandie Dinmonts are among the breeds behind these East Anglian terriers. Both the Norwich and Norfolk were shown together as one breed " the Norwich Terrier - until 1964. The Norfolk is a typical short-legged terrier with a sound, compact body, and was developed for catching small vermin and he is predominantly described as a ratter. He has a delightful disposition and, although totally fearless, is not one to start a fight. As a worker, he does not give up in the face of a fierce adversary, and his standard's reference to the acceptability of 'honourable scars from fair wear and tear' is a good indication of the type of dog the breeders require. His ears should drop forward at the tip, whereas those of his cousin, the Norwich Terrier, should stand erect when the dog is at attention.

The Buhund is a typical Spitz with his pointed face and his erect ears. He is both a sharp guard and an efficient herder; he thrives on work, always giving the appearance of being active and bustling. Hailing from Norway, the Buhund is one of the earliest known Nordic herding dogs, but was not recognised officially until the turn of the twentieth century. 'Bu' in Norwegian means 'homestead', so Buhund is the 'dog found on the homestead or farm'. The commonest colour is the basic wheaten, but the wolf-sable and black are also recognised, as is light red. The youngsters are especially attractive and it is surprising that the breed, which has been known in the UK for many years, has not become more widely appreciated. His temperament is one of friendly reserve; he does not fawn, but is delighted to be included in the conversation. With his harsh but smooth coat he is extremely easy to keep clean, and, being fairly small, he does not eat great quantities.

A very solid dog for a hound, but he needs to be able to cope with his traditional prey, the elk. A Spitz type with prick ears and curly tail, he is a friendly dog, but his loud voice acts as a deterrent to unwanted visitors. The breed stems from Norway. Skeletons have been found dating back to the Stone Age that are not unlike the dog of today. Officially described as grey of various shades, he is far from being a dull-looking dog, having black tips to his longer outer coat as well as a distinctive shoulder stripe running from the withers. From the grooming angle, the coat is easy to maintain in good shape and can become thoroughly dirty on a country ramble without causing the house-proud oo much anxiety. He enjoys all the exercise offered by an active family, but will be content to live a less strenuous life if his owners are less energetic. He must not be allowed to get too lazy, however, as he is capable, as are most hounds, of putting on weight to excess.

Norwich Terriers were accepted on the Kennel Club Breed Register in 1932, at which time they were known as the drop-eared Norwich Terrier (now known as the Norfolk Terrier) and prick-eared Norwich Terrier. Both the Norwich and Norfolk were shown together as one breed " the Norwich Terrier - until 1964. The Norwich resembles his cousin the Norfolk in all but this aspect: the Norwich Terrier's ears should stand erect when the dog is at attention, whereas the Norfolk's should drop forward at the tip.

Though the Old English Sheepdog registry is listed as British, its actual ancestry is thought to be from the European Shepherd Dogs of the Owtcharka and Bergamasco types bred to sheepdogs of Britain. Now regarded as a native British breed, he is often called the Bob-Tail and is strong, compact and profusely coated. His coat is a distinctive feature and is weather-resistant, but means that this is not the dog for those without plenty of time and patience to devote to grooming. Boisterous, lovable puppies soon grow into large, strong adults that require lots of exercise, so this is basically a country dog. Intelligent and friendly, he is protective of his family and friends and has a particularly resonant bark, sufficient to frighten off any intruder. His use as an advertising symbol has probably not been in the breed's best interest.

From every viewpoint the Otterhound is a large dog with a truly rugged appearance. Built to gallop when on land, his main function has always been to spend his working day in water. It is generally felt that his ancestry includes a French influence combined with original English hound strains. His rough double coat is extremely weather-resistant, but this means that he can bring a deal of the countryside into the home when he returns from the long rambles he enjoys. He is a kindly fellow with a typical loud baying call, which he can use to good effect when he needs to indicate that he has found a prey that interests him, though today his primary purpose of hunting otters is banned. A dog for the energetic, but not for the house-proud.

This breed has two countries listed as its home, France and Belgium, in both of which it is known as the Continental Toy Spaniel, Papillon, or, in a drop-eared version, Phalene. The erect-eared version takes its name from the French word for butterfly, while the drop-eared is named after the moth. The Papillon was developing on the Continent at the same time as the King Charles was evolving in Britain, both deriving from the toy spaniels of the day. The Papillon, an exquisite little toy dog, is a lively breed requiring much human companionship. He is happy, easy to teach and train and has proved himself extremely clever in obedience. The breed can be said to be proud and extrovert. His long silky coat can be kept immaculate by regular brushing with a soft brush, and occasional combing. He has a long life-span and makes a fascinating and interesting companion.

For many years, great controversy has existed in the ranks of the terrier fanciers over a type of terrier called 'the Jack Russell'. The Kennel Club became involved in this affair as a result of applications from a considerable number of devotees of the strain of Fox Terrier bred by a Victorian hunting parson, the Reverend John Russell. He is a working Terrier and should retain the ability to be spanned behind the shoulders by average sized hands. He can be smooth or rough-coated; in either jacket he is a happy, lively animal, equally at home while working or playing with his owners. 'The Parson' is not truly suited to a town life unless given a fair degree of freedom and exercise. He is too intelligent to be left on his own for long periods; he will get bored and could easily become destructive as well as aggravating the neighbours with uncontrolled barking.

The Pekingese is an aristocrat, whose ancestry can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. Similar dogs had been known in China since the eighth century, but by the early 1800s they had become the favourites of the Imperial court and no commoner was allowed to own one. However, following the British sacking of Peking in 1860, four were found and brought back to England. Subsequently, others were obtained by more normal means. The Pekingese was accepted for registration in the USA in 1909 and in the UK the following year. The Pekingese has a sense of humour, but also lots of dignity, which he assumes when the mood so takes him. Mischievous and playful, loving and sensitive, he is reputed to have the heart of a lion, and upholds this reputation by guarding his toys and other possessions. He is courageous and, though not naturally aggressive, will stand up for himself if forced to do so. Although he likes exercise, he prefers to take it at his own pace, and is not the long country walk type! Strong and heavy for his size, he is, however, easy to tuck under an arm and take anywhere.

Anyone who has ever looked at the pottery or paintings in the tombs of Ancient Egypt will recognise the Pharaoh Hound of modern times. Indeed, it is quite remarkable that breed type can have lasted through literally thousands of years. The obvious elegance of outline of the breed makes it easy to understand the degree to which this classic dog was venerated by the Pharaohs of old. The Pharaoh Hound became a native of Malta, an island colonised by the Phoenicians around 1,000 BC. They almost certainly took their dogs with them, and it was from that island that the first imports came, with the breed finally establishing itself in Britain in the 1970s. The most striking feature of the Pharaoh Hound is his shining, glossy coat of rich tan verging on red. The erect ears, the amber eyes with their keen gaze, and the athletic enthusiasm make him a dog that appeals to lovers of the aesthetic, but his ability to hunt both by scent and sight makes him much more than an object of beauty. He really is a working hound and as such needs an owner who is ready and able to give him both exercise and affection. His short coat makes him easy to maintain in prime condition, but equally makes it necessary to prevent him being exposed to intense cold without proper protection.

The Pointer is said to have originated in Spain, but he has undoubtedly become a truly English breed over the last two or three centuries. During this time he has been employed in his traditional role of indicating the presence and position of sitting game. He combines a distinctive elegance with a sleek muscularity, which enables him to cover great areas of ground at considerable speed. His movement, though specifically not that of a hackney, is distinguished by his habit of carrying his head reasonably high as he tests the air, until it is lowered to the characteristic point as he indicates his quarry. His smooth, hard coat should have a definite sheen and be either lemon, orange, liver or black, all with white. Possibly his most distinguishing feature is the slight concavity on the top of his muzzle, giving his nose a tip-tilted appearance. A clean dog, of even temperament, he is capable of fitting into a family circle but is clearly most at home on the moors, where he in his true element. To be good, the Pointer needs super scenting powers, speed over the ground and steadiness on point, a quality that was vital in the days of the slow-loading flintlock weapons, when having found game, the Pointer had to hold it until the hunter and his gun could catch up.

In his native country, this dog rejoices in the name Polski Owczarek Nizinny, affectionately shortened to 'Pons'. The breed has a long history and derives from the Hungarian Puli and native long-coated herding dogs of Poland. He has been a working dog since at least the 1500s but has gone through periods of decline due to European wars. It is said that he originally came to Britain in the sixteenth century, when sailors from Gdansk exchanged their dogs for other animals at their Scottish ports of call. However, he is a relative newcomer to the British dog-show scene, where new imports were first exhibited in the mid-1980s. Originally a herding dog, he is very adaptable and easy to train, making good use of his excellent memory. In appearance, he is not unlike the Bearded Collie, but is usually born without a tail. He is exceptionally fond of children and is a lively playmate. His stable temperament and medium size make him an ideal family pet. Regular grooming is required to keep his shaggy, thick coat free from becoming matted.

Though Britain is listed as the country of development of the Pomeranian, he is a Spitz-type dog descended from the much larger sled-hauling dogs of the Arctic. He was bred from the German Spitz before becoming known in the UK in 1870. In 1890, he entered the kennels of Queen Victoria, which popularised the breed, and the Pomeranian Club was formed the following year. A dainty little extrovert, and the smallest of the Spitz-type of dogs, the Pomeranian is light-hearted, active, sweet-tempered and affectionate. His foxy head and abundant stand-off coat, covering his short-barrelled body, give him the appearance of a ball of fluff. Although his undercoat is soft, his outer coat texture is far from fluffy, and requires regular attention to keep it clean and attractive.

The are three sizes of Poodle - Toy, Miniature and Standard " all in a wide range of beautiful solid colours. The Poodle's coat does not shed, but regular grooming is essential. For the fashion-conscious, there are many different styles in which he can be clipped. A dandy at heart, he will always show his appreciation when his toilette has been completed. The Poodle is a clown by nature, who gives amusement and devotion to his owners. Because he is capable of learning quickly, and enjoys showing off, the French circus utilised his abilities, and he became a popular entertainer. Today, these characteristics stand him in good stead in the show ring. All three varieties of Poodle have their country of origin listed as France but Germany is believed to have been their actual home, the breed entering France with German soldiers. It came from the marshes of Germany, where it was well established as a water retriever. The French certainly know the Poodle as a duck dog and used the smaller Poodles to sniff out truffles. He is extremely versatile and excels in obedience " indeed, there seems to be no end to his talents. Interest in the breed was heightened by the courts of Europe, where Poodles became very popular as pet dogs, especially the two smaller varieties. Early show Poodles were exhibited with a corded coat. Light-hearted, elegant, friendly and high-spirited, with a happy nature and sporting and home-loving instincts, the Poodle makes the ideal companion.

The are three sizes of Poodle - Toy, Miniature and Standard " all in a wide range of beautiful solid colours. The Poodle's coat does not shed, but regular grooming is essential. For the fashion-conscious, there are many different styles in which he can be clipped. A dandy at heart, he will always show his appreciation when his toilette has been completed. The Poodle is a clown by nature, who gives amusement and devotion to his owners. Because he is capable of learning quickly, and enjoys showing off, the French circus utilised his abilities, and he became a popular entertainer. Today, these characteristics stand him in good stead in the show ring. All three varieties of Poodle have their country of origin listed as France but Germany is believed to have been their actual home, the breed entering France with German soldiers. It came from the marshes of Germany, where it was well established as a water retriever. The French certainly know the Poodle as a duck dog and used the smaller Poodles to sniff out truffles. He is extremely versatile and excels in obedience " indeed, there seems to be no end to his talents. Interest in the breed was heightened by the courts of Europe, where Poodles became very popular as pet dogs, especially the two smaller varieties. Early show Poodles were exhibited with a corded coat. Light-hearted, elegant, friendly and high-spirited, with a happy nature and sporting and home-loving instincts, the Poodle makes the ideal companion.

The are three sizes of Poodle - Toy, Miniature and Standard " all in a wide range of beautiful solid colours. The Poodle's coat does not shed, but regular grooming is essential. For the fashion-conscious, there are many different styles in which he can be clipped. A dandy at heart, he will always show his appreciation when his toilette has been completed. The Poodle is a clown by nature, who gives amusement and devotion to his owners. Because he is capable of learning quickly, and enjoys showing off, the French circus utilised his abilities, and he became a popular entertainer. Today, these characteristics stand him in good stead in the show ring. All three varieties of Poodle have their country of origin listed as France but Germany is believed to have been their actual home, the breed entering France with German soldiers. It came from the marshes of Germany, where it was well established as a water retriever. The French certainly know the Poodle as a duck dog and used the smaller Poodles to sniff out truffles. He is extremely versatile and excels in obedience " indeed, there seems to be no end to his talents. Interest in the breed was heightened by the courts of Europe, where Poodles became very popular as pet dogs, especially the two smaller varieties. Early show Poodles were exhibited with a corded coat. Light-hearted, elegant, friendly and high-spirited, with a happy nature and sporting and home-loving instincts, the Poodle makes the ideal companion.

The Portuguese Podengo is the National Breed of Portugal. Podengos come in three sizes (small, medium and large) and each has two coat types, wirehaired and smooth haired, giving six varieties. At the moment, only the small Podengo is recognised by the Kennel Club in the UK, but the other sizes are gaining some popularity. It is thought that the breed is a descendant of the Pharoah Hound, dispersed from Egypt and Asia to North Africa and the Mediterranean coast. It is possible that Phoenician traders introduced the Podengo to Portugal, where they quickly established themselves as great rabbit hunters. The Portuguese word 'podengo' means rabbit hunter or warren hound and it is in this field that the Podengo gained his reputation as a hunter who could bring home food for the table as well as control vermin around the house. The smooth haired varieties became more popular in the rainier northern territory because they dry quickly, whilst the wire-coated varieties were used in the drier areas because they have the coat to protect them against the sun and heat. Well established in Portugal from the sixteenth century, the small Podengo is hugely popular today, still used for hunting by sight, scent and sound, but greatly valued as a companion, too, because of his loving and obedient nature. He is a friendly, lively, intelligent and alert dog, who has quickly gained popularity in the UK since his introduction. His handy size, general health and hardiness, and great personality make him an ideal dog for town or country.

Although the Portuguese Water Dog's listed home country is Portugal, the breed shares a common background with other European water dogs and was taken to Portugal by traders, probably Moors, via North Africa. He is a fairly recent newcomer to the UK. The fishermen of his native Portugal employ his great love of water in service with their boats: he can be trained to retrieve lost nets and to swim from boats close in to the shore. He was at one time used as a hunting dog, and is also a keen guard. He is a friendly dog, even if, as his standard says, he is self-willed. He needs firm handling when young to counteract this stubborn streak. His coat is customarily clipped over the hindquarters and on the tail, leaving a profuse plume at the end. Unusually, there are two distinct types of recognised coat: one is long and loosely waved while the other is short and harsh with compact curls.

A certain amount of speculation has taken place regarding the origin of this breed, which would seem to have come from the Orient. His home country is listed as China, where snub-nosed dogs have always been in favour. He found his way to Europe with traders of the Dutch East India Company, and as far back as the 1500s was being admired in the Netherlands. In fact, the Pug became the symbol for the royal patriots just as did the Keeshond for the patriot commoners. The Pug arrived in England when William III came to the throne. Until 1877, the breed was seen here only in fawn, but in that year a black pair was introduced from the Orient and the Kennel Club now allows four colourings. Once very popular with royalty and the aristocracy, he now has a following in all walks of life. A dignified dog, very intelligent, good-natured and sociable, he is robust and self-reliant, with great character and personality. An adaptable companion for both young and old, and one who integrates himself very closely with family life. He can talk with his eyes, has his mischievous moments, and usually lives to a ripe old age.

The Pyrenean Mastiff was once known as the Navarra Mastiff as it was developed in the Pyrenean region between Aragon and Navarra. The breed is of the Molosser family and has always been used as a flock guardian, protecting their herds from predators such as the wolf and bear. To give it some protection in its work, the Pyrenean Mastiff would often wear a heavy spiked collar to protect its neck and throat from assailants. Like all of the Mollosoid breeds, the Pyrenean Mastiff is large and powerful. Ideal height for males is 81 cm (32 in) with bitches standing around 73.5 cm (29 in). He should be strong, rustic and powerful, with strong bone, deep chest and a large strong head and wide, deep muzzle. The strong neck is protected by loose skin and double dewlaps. The coat is thick, abundant and coarse in texture. The coat colours most frequently seen are white with gold, grey or badger markings on head, ears and neck. The main body colour should always be white. Sometimes colour may be found on the hindquarters. The Pyrenean Mastiff is remarkably light on his feet for his size. The tail is carried low, and can curl at the tips and should never be carried above the level of the back. He is calm in temperament but can be aggressive when doing the job for which he was bred. Wonderfully loyal to his master and family he had adapted well to modern life and his role of guardian of the home.

It is generally though that a Pyrenean must be all white, but whilst he is mainly white, it is quite permissible for him to have markings of badger (called blaireau), wolf-grey, or pale yellow. His black nose and eye rims make a striking contrast. He is a substantial, impressive-looking dog, hardy and healthy. Once used as a guard dog, protecting flocks against wolves, he has a very gentle side to his nature and is affectionate and tolerant with children, making him a popular house pet. One of the largest breeds, he does not reach full maturity until he is three or four years old. His thick, double coat needs grooming thoroughly at least once a week. He is not tremendously active; a short walk in town, or a long ramble in the country will suit him equally well. The breed comes from the Pyrenean mountain range in France, where he is known as the Grand Pyrénée. They have guarded flocks in France for centuries and dogs of the type pre-date even the Bronze Age (1800-1000 BC) but are said to have been 'discovered' by the French nobility before the Revolution and could be found in the great châteaux. Louis XIV named the breed the Royal Dog of France. As recently as the Second World War, Pyreneans carried messages and packs for French troops.

This is a truly courageous working breed. His origins lie in the rural community, and he has been selected to herd large flocks of sheep for as long as his master needs him to do so. He has a particular 'head for heights' when asked to perform in the mountains. The phrase in the standard that states he is 'wary of strangers' is not meant to indicate that he has a doubtful temperament, but that he needs to be properly socialised in his early formative weeks if he is to become an acceptable member of the household. His coat is densely harsh as befits a breed that prefers to be out in all weathers. He is not difficult to keep tidy, but, in common with all long-coated breeds, grooming should be regular. The breed was first registered with the Kennel Club in 1988 and has increased gradually in numbers since; breeders have been careful to introduce new blood lines over the years.

There is no doubt whatsoever about the origin of this breed. All the books ever written about the Chesapeake Bay Retriever are agreed on a tale about two puppies being rescued from a wrecked ship off the coast on the eastern seaboard of Maryland. They were reputed, some two centuries ago, to have been Newfoundland in type, were discovered to love water and so were crossed with local retriever types, probably including the Curly Coat. The result was the ultimate in natural waterproof dog. Basically a duck-dog, he is at his very best in water, the colder the better; the oiliness and thickness of his coat is so efficient that a thorough shake restores him to a slightly moist feel in no time at all. Undoubted courage, inexhaustible energy, strength of muscle, and affection tinged with independence all go to produce a dog for the energetic family. This is not a breed for the lazy. He eats in quantities sufficient for a dog of his size and 'workrate', which means he likes his food. Grooming is simple and elementary; a stiff brush and a chamois-leather will cover all his requirements.

One of the most distinctive features about this dog is his coat, the colour of which is either black or liver. His body, ears and tail are covered with tight, crisp curls, whilst his face and muzzle are smooth haired. His coat is waterproof and, even after a swim, he shakes himself a few times and is practically dry. This unique coat does require specialised treatment to keep it at its best. He has a remarkable ability to mark the fall of game and remember locations, and is brilliant at retrieving the wounded duck hiding in water or rushes. In fact, a good nose, combined with intelligence, endurance and strength, gives him the ability to retrieve most game. He is friendly, but despite this, is a good guard dog. He needs plenty of exercise, and is essentially an outdoor type. The breed is around 200 years old, having evolved from crosses of water spaniels and varieties of retrievers and, say some, pointers. Cross breeding with Poodles is believed to have been used to tighten the curl in the coat. It was at its most popular as shooting dog in the latter part of the nineteenth century and many Curlies were exported to New Zealand and Australia to hunt birds.

The Flat Coat is a slow-maturing dog, retaining his delightful puppy-like qualities for several years. An extrovert, with an incessantly wagging tail, he is always happy, eager to please and full of good humour and bonhomie. A tireless worker in the field, he is an excellent water dog and a natural swimmer. He loves human companionship and is definitely not the dog to be shut up on his own. (Left alone, his Houdini-like qualities will soon become apparent in his endeavour to reunite himself with friends and family!) His deep bark makes him a good guard dog, giving warning of any strangers or intruders. He is in his element in the country and was at one time popularly known as the gamekeepers' dog, attracting attention when widely used in the late 1800s on the large shooting estates. Mr Sewallis Evelyn Shirley, founder of the Kennel Club and its chairman from 1873 to 1899, helped stabilise the breed type.

One of the most popular dogs in the world, the Golden Retriever was bred, as its name suggests, to retrieve game in the shooting field. The breed has adapted to so many roles that there is virtually nothing he doesn't do, with the exception of being professional guard dog " a task for which his friendly temperament makes him quite unsuited. He has been a guide dog, a drug and explosives detecting dog, a tracker, an obedience competitor, in addition to the job he does so universally and well, simply being an energetic, fun-loving member of the family. Easy to train to basic obedience or higher standards, rarely a choosy feeder, and with a thick coat that is reasonably easy to keep clean, it is no surprise that the breed has risen in popularity over the decades. He often has the largest entry at Championship Shows. For many years there was confusion over the origin of the breed, but it is now generally accepted that it was the first Lord Tweedmouth who developed Golden Retrievers as a breed. 'Yellow' Retrievers had existed for many years in the Border Country between England and Scotland, and at first Goldens were registered and shown as Flatcoats being defined only by colour until 1913. They took their present name in 1920.

The Labrador is one of the best all-round dogs in the world. Not only used for retrieving game, he has also made his mark in the world of assistance dogs and as a 'sniffer' dog for drug and arms detection. It is popularly thought that he originated on the coast of Newfoundland, where fishermen were seen to use a dog of similar appearance to retrieve fish. An excellent water dog, his weather-resistant coat and unique tail, likened to that of an otter because of its shape, emphasise this trait. A real gentleman, he adores children and has a kind and loving nature and a confident air. The big city is not really his scene; a bit of a country squire at heart, he comes into his own in rural surroundings. Comparatively speaking, the Labrador is not a very old breed: its breed club was formed in 1916 and the Yellow Labrador Club founded in 1925. It was in field trialling that the Labrador found early fame, having been originally introduced to Great Britain in the late 1800s by Col Peter Hawker and the Earl of Malmesbury. It was a dog called Malmesbury Tramp that was described by Lorna, Countess Howe, as one of the 'tap roots' of the modern Labrador.

Canada is the country of origin of several well-known breeds of dog and the Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever (the Toller to his intimates) is yet another Canadian native; he arrived in Britain in 1988, and has made steady progress ever since. His method of work may appear strange to many; his task is to use his waving, white-tipped tail to lure waterfowl to within range of the guns and then retrieve them, especially from water. He is blessed with the canine equivalent of web feet, which enables him to swim powerfully. He has been selected over the generations for his intelligence and trainability. He makes an ideal and enthusiastic family companion for the active household, enjoying agility and flyball, performing well as a tracker and in obedience, and being easy to groom. Because he is also handsome, he has attracted the attention of a wide circle of friends, who are dedicated to maintaining him as the athlete he is.

The Rhodesian Ridgeback, regarded by the Kennel Union of Southern Africa as the native dog, is one of possibly only two dogs in the world to have a ridge of hair 'growing the wrong way' down its spine. The other known example is in Thailand and early specimens of this dog may have been taken to Africa by dog traders and over time passed the peculiarity of reverse hair to native dogs. The Ridgeback is an agile dog, powerful and speedy. His original purpose in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) was assisting big game hunters in the pursuit of their quarry, which often included lions. The ridge is a feature of the breed and there are two crowns either side of the ridge just behind the shoulders. These days the Ridgeback is used in his native Africa as a guard dog. He is an excellent family dog, good with children, affectionate, and very loyal and protective to his family.

These Mastiff-type dogs stem from animals taken to Germany by Roman soldiers as they marched across Europe. Used to guard livestock, they were either discarded as the cattle were eaten or were left to guard outposts, and many finished up in Switzerland while others reached southern Germany. They were especially known around the town of Rottweil, which for 1,800 years was a centre for livestock trading. The evolving dog became a butcher's dog, drover and draught dog. The Rottweiler, which first appeared in Britain in 1936 and was shown at Crufts the following year, is an above average-sized, very agile, black-and-tan dog. Extremely strong and imposing, he is easily obedience trained and is, in fact, a dog that enjoys working. He has natural guarding instincts, but is not aggressive by nature. His expression is tranquil and kind, but when aroused, he will hold his own with any opponent. He is not a dog for the inexperienced and has been much maligned in recent years, when the breed became over-popular, and Rottweilers were often purchased to feed a macho image. He is a very active dog that needs plenty of exercise, but his smooth coat requires only short periods of regular grooming to keep it in the desired shining condition.

Created by the Russian Army after the Second World War to catch fugitives, the Russian Black Terrier needed to be able to cope with the, at times, extremely cold Russian climate. The main breeds used in his development were the Giant Schnauzer, Airedale Terrier and Rottweiler. He was recognised by the FCI in 1984 and first achieved popularity outside Russia in Italy. When the breed was recognised in the UK in 1998, a lively debate took place about his name and into which group he should be placed. Eventually, following the precedent of the West Highland White Terrier (for which place of origin preceded colour), he became the Russian Black Terrier. Though called a terrier he is, in view of his ancestry and work, placed in the Working Group. From a distance, his Giant Schnauzer ancestry appears to dominate, though he is actually larger than his ancestor (and much larger than other terriers). His waterproof coat with its dense undercoat protects him against his native country's severe winters. Certainly, he is a dog to stop wrongdoers in their tracks, but, according to his adherents, he is not aggressive and should have a friendly nature.

This graceful, dignified dog always been a much-prized possession of the Arabs. His highly developed hunting instinct and the speed with which he moves over all types of terrain suit him well for work in the Middle East, where sheikhs have carefully kept records of his breeding and hunting abilities for hundreds of years. Although this is a very old breed, it was not seen in Britain until 1840 and was not officially recognised until 1923. Two possibilities for the origin of the name are that it was taken from the long-gone Arabian city of Saluk or from the town of Seleukia in ancient Syria. The Saluki is not really the ideal pet for the average family " he can be naughty in the house if left alone and he very easily becomes bored. He is highly strung, very sensitive, very intelligent and extremely affectionate to those he loves.

Truly the canine equivalent of the Laughing Cavalier, he beams on all and sundry with a smile from ear to ear. A bad-tempered Samoyed is something that the devotees would shudder to contemplate, and fortunately he is a real rarity. The Samoyed of today developed from dogs used for herding and guarding livestock, as well as sledding, by two nomadic tribes of north-central Siberia, the Samoyeds and the Nentsy. It was fur traders who first brought the breed to Britain, and the European explorers described both black dogs and white dogs. Black and white dogs were used on the first Polar exploration, but the sparkling-white, stand-off coat, with occasional tones of cream and biscuit quite acceptable, is now the hallmark of an instantly recognisable dog. His Arctic ancestry as a working dog has decreed that the Samoyed should have flat feet and a deal of hair between the toes and under the soles, acting as canine snow-shoes and preventing snow balling up in between the toes as happens in many other breeds whose feet are 'well knuckled-up'. The thick luxuriant coat takes a lot of physical effort to keep at its best, but that effort is well worth the considerable time that has to be expended on grooming. He is relatively obedient, in what might be described as a fairly casual fashion, but then a true Sam looks on the world as something to be enjoyed to the full, and too much going by the book can get one down! He is not a big eater for such a solid dog, but he does tend to be vocal.

One of the smaller Spitz breeds, the Schipperke originates from the canals of Belgium and the Netherlands, where he guarded the barges most efficiently. He was at one time also extremely popular with shoemakers in his native Flanders: on Sundays, the tradesmen would parade them. The Schipperke can be credited with the first one-breed dog show, which was put on by guild workmen in 1690. Though most frequently seen as a black dog, this very compact breed also appears in solid cream or fawn. His very typical tight-fitting, harsh coat makes him an easy dog to keep clean. His brisk pace on his neat, tight feet ensures that he will enjoy all the exercise his family can give him. He has retained the ability to detect and deter strangers, which makes him a most acceptable house-dog.

The middle-sized member of the Schnauzer family is suitable for those who want something a little larger than the Miniature but not quite as big as the Giant. He is known in America as the Standard Schnauzer. The home country for the Schnauzer is Germany, where the standard version filled many roles: ratter, drovers' dog, stock tender and guard in the house and stables. He was even used to pull carts to market, making him the all-round farm dog. The first standard for the medium-size Schnauzer was produced in 1880. This good-looking, robust dog is well muscled and has a harsh, wiry coat in either black or salt and pepper (shades of grey), which needs a lot of attention to keep him looking smart and tailored. He has a lively nature, is a good house-dog and guard and enjoys obedience work. Gentle, patient and trustworthy with children, he is the ideal companion for an active person who is able to give him plenty of exercise.

A popular short-legged dog from the Highlands, sturdy and low-slung. More often thought of as black, he can have a striking wheaten or brindle-coloured coat. His public image is often that of a dour Scot, but to his family and friends he is affectionate and cheerful. Happy to curl up in a favourite armchair, he will soon rouse himself at the slightest sound, when his dark eyes will glint with protectiveness as he prepares to guard his house and home. The Scottish Terrier Club was formed by Capt. Gordon Murray in 1882, a year after the first standard for the breed was drawn up, and just three years after the breed as we know it today came into existence. Murray was strongly supported by the founder and first chairman of the Kennel Club, Mr Sewallis Evelyn Shirley.

About 150 years ago a certain Capt. John Owen Tucker Edwardes, who lived at Sealyham, Pembrokeshire, South Wales, decided to promote his idea of the perfect terrier. From a mix of the Welsh Corgi, the Dandie Dinmont, the West Highland White, the Bull Terrier and the Wire Fox Terrier, among others, he produced the dog that was to become the Sealyham. Edwardes culled weaklings; it was the survival of the fittest: all dogs had to pass tough tests of tackling rats and other vermin. Edwardes died in 1891 and Fred Lewis took up promotion of the breed, which was shown for the first time in 1903. A breed club was formed in 1908 and the Sealyham received Kennel Club recognition in 1911. Though his origins are rural Welsh, the Sealyham can be as much at home in the town as in the country. Supple, active, ready to romp and play, he makes an intelligent and charming companion, happy to be with you or able to make his own amusement, whichever the occasion demands. He is not really an ideal indoor pet for the pernickety and house proud, however, as his short legs and low-to-the ground body do tend to collect mud on a wet day. However, for those prepared to spend a few minutes cleaning him up on such occasions he will pay considerable dividends.

A medium-sized hunting hound with a coat that can be rough or smooth, in a range of colours from cream to red and black and tan, the Segugio Italiano is a very active dog with considerable stamina. In his native Italy, he was originally used to flush boar rather than actually catch his prey, but as boars are not present in great numbers in modern Italy, he is now used more often to find hares and spring them to the gun. The breed is rare in the UK: it made its first appearance here in 1989 and numbers have been very small ever since. Temperamentally, the Segugio Italiano is a quiet breed, tending towards cautious, though his natural intelligence makes him relatively trainable.

Devotees of this native of China will tell you that the 'h' in his name is not pronounced and that there is no plural. His unusual name is only the start of the differences from other dogs that the breed exhibits. One of the Shar Pei's most distinctive features is the truly bristly feel to his coat, which may be black, red or fawn/cream. The inside of the mouth should be black in the darker varieties. The early specimens brought to the UK from America tended to give a very unfortunate impression. They were generally short in the leg, had excessively wrinkled skins even as adults, and almost all suffered from entropion " inward rolling of the eyelids, leading to discomfort to the eyes and necessitating frequent veterinary attention. Fortunately, the influence of the breeders who were not wedded to the 'get-rich-quick' principle has resulted in a dog with a longer leg, a better-fitting skin and better eyelids. And despite his frowning expression, the Shar Pei is blessed with an affectionate view of mankind. There is a mastiff link behind the Shar Pei, which is one of the world's really ancient breeds. He was originally used as a hunter, a herder and a guard dog, and his guarding qualities also prompted people to misuse him as a fighting dog. Fortunately, his wrinkled skin and deep-set eyes helped him to escape serious damage.

The Shetland Islands off northeast Scotland lay claim to a number of animals small in size. The Shetland Sheepdog is one " an active, intelligent and glamorous dog, who always wants to be 'on the go' and is virtually tireless. His soft undercoat and harsh outer coat make him well able to withstand the winter elements. A cheerful little dog, he is affectionate with his owner, but a little reserved with strangers. He is alert, makes a good house pet and is easy to train in both obedience and agility. It was a Shetlander called Loggie who standardised the breed for the show ring and it was first entered at Crufts in 1906, where it was shown as a miniature Collie.

The roots of this breed are in Tibet but it was developed in China, where dogs like these lived in the imperial palaces. After China became a republic in 1912, examples of the breed found their way to the West, though the first recorded importation to the UK was not until 1931. It was recognised as a breed separate from other Oriental breeds in 1934 and granted a separate register by the Kennel Club in 1940, with challenge certificates on offer from 1949. People tend to get confused between the Lhasa Apso and the Shih Tzu, but the breeds differ in both conformation and temperament. The breed standard calls for the maximum height of the Shih Tzu to be just 1.2 centimetres (half an inche) more than that of the Lhasa Apso. The chrysanthemum look to the Shih Tzu's head is most appealing, and this is caused by the hair growing upwards on the bridge of the nose. His long coat requires regular attention, but is not difficult to keep in good order with regular grooming. Temperamentally, the Shih Tzu is a bouncy character and very outgoing. A complete extrovert and full of infectious enthusiasm, he makes a delightful companion who is happy to be part of any family.

The breed originates in Eastern Siberia, where it was used by the Chukchi as a long-distance sled-hauling dog. He was later exported to Alaska and Canada, and his country of registration is the USA. He is also known as the Arctic Husky. The lightest built and fastest of the sled-dog breeds, the Siberian Husky is strictly for the active. He was bred to pull sleds, and, truth to tell, he has few other thoughts in his head. Put him on a lead and he will usually stretch your arm for you; put two or more on leads and they will dislocate your shoulder; let him loose and you may be lucky to see him as he gallops over the horizon! Temperament wise, he is a delight, although his greeting may be so effusive that he will wind you if he catches you in the midriff. He seems to love the human race and never forgets a friend. His downfall is that he is a natural hunter " and his prey will include the family cat or rabbit. When the breed standard states that all colours and markings, including white, are allowed, it is quite serious; and the comment about striking patterns not seen in other breeds being found on the head is not an exaggeration. And as for the eyes, just read the phrase in the standard for yourself! He eats well and is easy to groom, but he can be vocal, and every now and then a group of Sibes will form a choir of doubtful harmony and howl in chorus as they lie cheerfully tethered out in the worst of weathers. That is another breed characteristic " complete indifference to cold and snow. He can also jump anything from the standstill or dig his way under any fence. And having done so, he will not return until it suits him, by which time he may well have sorted out the neighbour's chickens. In conclusion, then, this is a breed for specialists.

One of the oldest Scottish breeds, the Skye Terrier makes a good watchdog and house-dog. Although he is distrustful of strangers he is devoted and loyal to family and friends, courageous but not aggressive. His long coat makes him a very glamorous dog, but he requires weekly brushing and occasional bathing to keep him in good condition. A plus is that his coat rarely sheds. Because he is low to the ground, mud does stick to his furnishings, but it can quickly and easily be brushed out when dry. Although the majority of Skye Terriers are prick-eared, there is also a variety known as 'drop-eared', in which the ears hang flat against the skull. The Skye was once known as the Terrier of the Western Isles, evolving into what we now call the Skye Terrier, with a mix of breeds behind him, including Cairn Terrier prototypes. One of the most famed of the breed was Greyfriars Bobby, who, in Edinburgh, around 1858, took up a vigil at his master's grave in Greyfriars Churchyard, until he, too, died. Greyfriars Bobby was buried in unconsecrated ground in the churchyard and his devotion is commemorated by a memorial plaque in the street and by a tablet on his grave.

This is a breed that emanates from the deserts and mountains of North Africa, having existed there for many centuries as a typical working sighthound. Like many hunters, he tends to be a trifle stand-offish with strangers, but is affectionate to those he knows and trusts. The name Sloughi dates back to the Middle Ages and the dog may have as one of his ancestors a type of wolfhound that existed centuries ago in North Africa, particularly the Sahara Desert region, and that, in turn, originated in Saudi Arabia. Though the breed has been on the European show scene for a number of years, it is only since the latter part of the twentieth century that the Sloughi has been known in the UK. Although he has never gained great popularity in the Great Britain, he makes a pleasing and striking pet, with a quiet, clean nature. He loves to run and needs plenty of exercise. A tall dog, he has long, thin oval feet, supporting his none too broad or deep chest on long, well-muscled legs. This is another breed that is easy to keep clean. He has a tough, fine coat, which is most frequently sable or fawn, though he is also seen as brindle, white or even black with tan points.

The breed is a fairly recent addition to Great Britain, the first arrivals coming from Germany in 1997 and later ones from the Czech Republic, the breed's country of origin. Working gundog enthusiasts had seen the breed's great abilities in the field, and all of the original imports were brought to the UK for that purpose. In the past few years, some specimens of the breed have made their debut in the show ring. It is thought that the breed traces its origins to a cross between the Weimaraner and the German Wirehaired Pointer, and indeed the Slovakian Rough Haired Pointer has inherited the colour and coat texture from these two breeds. However, another likely ancestor is the Cesky Fousek, once known as the Bohemian Pointer, which is another breed much favoured by shooting men in Europe. The Slovakian Rough Haired Pointer is a Hunt, Point and Retrieve breed and his versatility and endurance in the field has brought him great repute. He is sturdily built but with some degree of elegance and he is easy to train. His double coat, whose grey colour may be shaded with brown or sable, gives him protection and insulation. His unexaggerated conformation, bringing economical, ground-covering movement, and his serviceable coat, allied to a sensible but keen temperament, make him a truly 'fit-for-purpose' gundog.

The Small Munsterlander is known in its Germany as the Kleiner Munsterlander Vorstehund. He was developed with his larger cousin (see Large Munsterlander) in the Munster region of Northern German. The breed became popular in the 19th Century when hunting rights were extended to all people in Germany and the size and versatility of the Small Munsterlander made them popular and more affordable in upkeep for working people. In many ways the Small Munsterlander is a scaled down version of his larger namesake: the same ability to find, point, track and retrieve game. He has also been used to hunt deer and boar. There is the same clean cut, flowing outline with slightly sloping topline and horizontally carried tail and the same characteristics, almost aristocratic head and expression. However, there are two main differences which are therefore characterising features of the breed. Firstly size " 54 centimetres (21.3 inches) for dogs and 52 centimetres (20.5 inches) for bitches. Colour in the breed is liver (brown) and white or liver roan, a contrast with the black, white and blue roan of the larger breed. On the continent, the breed retains its popularity in the field and musters a fair entry for the show ring. His temperament is endearing and biddable whilst still retaining his sporting instincts and athleticism.

As one would expect from his Irish origin, the Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier has a happy-go-lucky outlook. Extrovert and exuberant, he thrives on human companionship, loves children and is willing to go anywhere at any time. He requires a little patience to train, but is eager to please. His coat, when natural, needs very little care; described as the colour of ripening wheat, it is soft and silky, and suits his jaunty approach to life. A sturdy dog, who is hardy and unexaggerated in any way, he makes an excellent house pet.

Derived in the last century in the USA from the Cocker Spaniel, ostensibly to retrieve quail, the American Cocker has very striking differences from his English forebear. The prominent rounding of his skull is most distinctive, as are the full eyes set to look straight forward. His back appears short, and slopes slightly from withers to tail. His most characteristic attribute is his coat, which, while being short on his head, is longer on the body, and becomes profuse on legs and abdomen. The breed standard does require that it should not be so excessive as to affect his function as a sporting dog, but he usually appears in the show ring with a great deal of coat, which is unlikely to find favour in the field. He is a cheerful fellow, and makes a highly successful family dog. He is on the small side of 38 centimetres (15 inches) and does not need much food, but he does need careful grooming.

The breed was first recognised by the American Kennel Club in 1940 but its origins extend much further back to the 1880s in the Fox and Wolf River valleys in Wisconsin. The American Water Spaniel was bred originally to work out of small boats (skiffs) and retrieve from the icy rivers and lakes, so to be fit for function he had to be smaller in size and weight than the larger retrievers and be built to swim for long periods and retrieve. His coat, one of the main features of the breed, gives him some waterproofing quality and is thought to come from the introduction of some Irish Water Spaniel blood although breed huntsmen claim that the chief ancestor of the breed was the now extinct English Water Spaniel, the Curly Coated Retriever and the Field Spaniel. Standing 38-46 centimetres (15-18 inches) tall, the American Water Spaniel should not weigh more than 20.5 kilograms (45 pounds). His coat is liver brown or chocolate and can be curly or waved ("Marcel"). A small amount of white is permitted on the chest and toes. He is sturdily built with good spring of rib, not too short in the couplings and with a scimitar-shaped tail which can be carried above or below the level of the back. He can be shown in natural coat or tidied up to present a well-groomed appearance. His head is broad with a square muzzle of good depth and strength, important for his retrieving function. Whilst it is hard to get dark brown eyes in the breed, yellow eyes are a fault. The American Water Spaniel is lively, sporting and biddable and has also adapted to work on land as a flushing dog working on grouse and pheasant.

Said to have come in the first place from France more than 200 years ago, the Clumber was brought to Great Britain by the Duke of Newcastle and bred at his family home of Clumber Park in Nottinghamshire. It is obvious at a glance that he is a very heavy dog, and his pace of working is more leisurely than that of other Spaniels. He has been allowed to become ever heavier in the past fifty years or so, and the top weight for dogs now stands at 34 kilograms (75 pounds). His background colouring of plain white with lemon or orange markings, especially on head and ears, makes him an attractive dog, and his kind, steady nature complements his looks exactly. However, lovers of the breed should make certain that his great size does not encourage any weakness in his hindquarters. A delightful dog, he deserves greater popularity, happily lending himself to family life. He is a well-mannered companion.

The most popular of the Spaniel family, the Cocker is an active, happy, small dog, who quickly adapts himself to his surroundings. He is highly intelligent and affectionate, and is in his element foraging around fields and hedgerows. He also employs his retrieving instincts around the house, and can often be found with a toy or slipper in his mouth, his tail wagging furiously, waiting for praise. Cockers were recognised as a separate breed from Field and Springer Spaniels soon after the formation of the Kennel Club in 1873. He originated as the 'cocking spaniel', and derived this name from flushing woodcock. As with a number of gundog breeds there is a difference between those used for work and those used for show: the show Cocker is a sturdier, heavier version of his work counterpart. Easy to train " his main aim in life is to please his owner " he is a busy little dog who enjoys plenty of exercise, and thrives on human companionship.

The name 'Springer' is derived from the use of this type of Spaniel to startle the bird into the air so that they spring upwards. The English Springer, with his black-and-white or liver-and-white markings, is the traditional dog for the rough-shooter " a dog capable of working tirelessly all day; ready to enter water even when he has to break ice to do it. Like so many of the gundog breeds, his cheerful extrovert nature has endeared him to the general public, and he is in great demand as an energetic companion for a growing family. His thick coat is tough and weather resistant, but like so many Spaniels, his lengthy ear flaps need to be kept well trimmed if he is not to suffer from uninvited seeds and twigs getting inside the more sensitive depths of the ears themselves. Official breed status was accorded the English Springer in 1902. He took his present name in 1900 after being known for many years as the Norfolk Spaniel.

A product of crossing the one-time Sussex Springer and the Cocker Spaniel in the late nineteenth century, the Field Spaniel is somewhat longer in the back than his height a the withers. His muzzle is long and lean, which gives him a characteristic appearance He can be black, liver or roan with tan markings, and his coat has a high gloss of real quality. Twice, the breed nearly disappeared, firstly when fashion fads all but ruined the breed in the early 1900s and, secondly, when in the 1950s breed numbers were so small that the Kennel Club withdrew championship status, this being restored in 1969 only after determined efforts by breeders to maintain the breed. While the Field Spaniel is still not a popular breed by modern standards, he nevertheless makes a good companion for the country dweller. However, note the very definite statement that his devotees have written into his breed standard to the effect that he is not suitable for the city.

The tallest of all the Spaniels, the Irish Water Spaniel is a breed of great antiquity. He delights in water and is an admirable and enthusiastic retriever. He derives considerable intelligence from the Poodle, which has obviously played a significant part in his ancestry. Although tall, he is always well balanced. A dark liver in colour, his coat is composed of dense, tight ringlets, which cover every bit of him except his muzzle, the front of his neck and the major portion of his tail. The Irish Water Spaniel is something of an enigma: although in Britain he is shown as a Spaniel, he works in field trials as a retriever. The breed attracted attention when show classes were first put on for him at Birmingham in 1862. He is blessed with an affectionate disposition, and a distinct sense of humour. He is not a big eater for his size, and makes both a good worker in the field, especially for a wildfowler, and a lovable family dog, revelling in all the exercise that is on offer.

A heavily built dog with a rich golden-liver coat that is abundant and flat, the Sussex Spaniel is an old breed of great substance. He is somewhat unusual among gundogs in that he tends to give tongue when working. His mode of progression is characterised by a distinct roll, and he gives the impression of being a loose-framed dog, but with well boned limbs and powerful muscles. He has a wider head than many Spaniels, and his rather wrinkled brows give him a frowning look. However, that is as far as the frown goes, because he is a kindly dog as capable of being a family dog in a country household as he is of crashing his way through thick cover. This is another breed that deserves more general acclaim than has been his lot of recent years.

There is obviously a family likeness between the two breeds of Springer Spaniel but any suggestion that the Welsh originated from the English is liable to call down the wrath of the Principality on the speaker's head! Standardisation of the breed coincided with both that of the Cocker and the English Springer and, like the English Springer, the Welsh was recognised by the Kennel Club in 1902. The rich, dark red of his coat on its white background appears to have become more and more striking in the same period. His proper purpose in life is to spring or 'start' game and his fame as a worker has, of right, spread from his homeland. The Welsh is somewhat smaller and lighter in build than the English Springer, and has a finer head. He is also easier to keep clean in wet weather. But his temperament is equally kindly, especially of latter years. His popularity has increased steadily, and he has become a favourite household dog in much the same fashion as other Spaniels.

A relatively small, curly coated breed, the Spanish Water Dog is a long established but still relatively rare dog in his homeland, where he was first seen in the show ring in the 1970s. He is a multi-purpose dog with many functions, which include working as a water dog and herding sheep. In the UK, he has been allocated to the Gundog Group because enthusiasts feel that his main use is as a water retriever. His build and coat are similar to those of other water retriever breeds that come from the Mediterranean area, such as the Lagotto Romagnolo from Italy. He is a good-natured, lively dog, whose curly coat should be clipped but not shaped.

The story of the dogs of the Hospice of St. Bernard goes back to the saint who built the hospice and whose aim was to help those travelling through the St. Gothard Pass. The monks at first used a mix of mastiff dogs but gradually established a proper breeding programme and produced dogs with the general name of Alpine Mastiffs. At first, these dogs were shorthaired and of modest size, but out-crossing, made necessary by disease and losses from bad winters, brought in blood from thicker coated and larger breeds. So evolved today's St. Bernard. The modern St. Bernard, which ranks amongst the most massive of all dogs, seems to have grown heavier over the years, from the days when he was known throughout the world as the mountain-rescue dog of Switzerland, famed by the cartoonist's pencil for his brandy barrel. Today's St. Bernard is certainly less leggy than the original breed. The standard states that the breed should have a benevolent temperament, and this is evident to all in his expression. Just as well, because the concept of a belligerent St. Bernard is not something many of us would wish to imagine! Many larger dog breeds are surprisingly capable of curling up into a smallish ball and making their presence less obvious. Not so the St. Bernard; he takes up a lot of space in any position. Indeed, if you have ideas about keeping one in a small flat or cottage with no outside accommodation for it, you should 'borrow' an adult for a test run. It might even be an idea to use a tape-measure to check how much living space you will be granted once the new purchase has moved in and grown to full adult size. There is a fair acreage of dog to be groomed; there are a good few kilograms of dog to be fuelled; there is a deal of dog to be dried on return from the slush of an autumn stroll across the fields. And if he needs lifting into a car en route to the local veterinary surgery, a low-loader might be a sensible purchase. However, this is a delightful breed if you can cope with the size and, dare it be said, the slobber, which often necessitates a bib if he is to arrive at a show in pristine condition.

One of the most popular of all the terriers, the Staffordshire is renowned for his courage, which unfortunately can lead him into bad ways with other dogs owing to his tendency to 'get his retaliation in first'. With the human race, however, he is kindness itself, and his genuine love of children is well known. He is descended from a cross between the Bulldog and a terrier, and thus combines the temperaments of the two breeds. Despite his historical connection with fighting, he has become a great favourite in the show ring, but this has not been allowed to affect his traditional rugged looks.

The Swedish Lapphund is a typical middle-sized Nordic Spitz with a thick harsh coat befitting a breed that started life as a reindeer-herder and lived in a cold climate. He is intelligent and therefore trainable for many roles, be they functional or recreational; he responds well to training by example and persuasion, but not by physical correction. He makes an excellent family dog and a good guard of hearth and home, giving tongue loudly whenever he considers vocalising is necessary! He requires regular tactile companionship; he does not appreciate being shut away from his owners and jumps garden fences with enthusiasm! He needs exercise and will enjoy any amount that comes his way, so will not suit those looking for a quiet, docile dog. Because he is so naturally energetic, he will also require adequate feeding.

This import to Britain may look like an unusually coloured Welsh Corgi but he is nothing of the sort. Although he is fairly long in the back, he stands up on strong, thick-set legs, and gives the impression of concentrated power in a fairly small frame. The harsh, close-fitting coat is easy to keep clean and wholesome. He is very active and a good guard from the point of view of giving warning of an approaching stranger, but he has a friendly, cheerful disposition, and will take all the exercise you want to give him. The Vallhund is also called the Swedish Cattle Dog, identifying both his purpose and country of origin. The breed nearly died out in the 1930s but, mainly through the efforts of a Count Bjorn von Rosen, was saved, and was recognised by the Swedish Kennel Club in 1948 and granted recognition in Britain in 1984.

This strong well-built dog is found in the foothills of the Himalayas and the borders of Tibet. He is primarily a guard dog, used to protect the flocks from preying wildlife and the home from intruders. Though the actual origins of the breed are lost in time, it is known that Tibetan villagers originally had two types of mastiff: a guard-dog for livestock and another to protect their territory. The modern Tibetan Mastiff has been known outside its native country for well over 100 years and there has been a British standard for the breed since the 1930s. A powerful dog, without the massive frame of the Mastiff, he is well coated, with a bushy tail. Usually black, or black and tan, he can also be found in gold and shades of grey. In his native environment, he is very distrustful of strangers, and can be quite ferocious. However, dogs bred in Europe and America are generally amenable.

The Tibetan Spaniel was one of the first Tibetan breeds to reach the UK, arriving here in around 1900. It was a breed favoured by Tibetan monks and was brought to England by returning medical missionaries. It had established a firm hold by 1920 and really came into its own after the end of the Second World War. The great popularity of the Tibetan Spaniel over the past sixty years or so is no surprise: he has a delightful temperament, for while he obviously likes to stress his superiority of breeding by his somewhat haughty expression, he is only too ready to let his hair down in a mad rush round the garden with his friends. He comes in a great variety of colours, but his coat never varies in its gleaming, silky texture, which, in spite of its length, is not hard to keep in good condition. He likes company and exercise, but he is quite happy to let life take its course, and is a healthy chap needing relatively little food and a minimum of fuss.

In spite of the name, this breed is not a terrier but a herding dog, doubling as a guard for traders as they journeyed to and from China. He succeeded in his job not so much by size but through the awe in which he was held. This is believed to be the original Holy Dog of Tibet. The tallest of the Tibetan breeds in the Utility Group, this chap is even more lively than the others. He is built on square lines, being much the same height at the shoulder as he is long in the body, and carries a coat of moderate length, which is fine rather than silky. The breed has gained rapidly in popularity, his energy and enthusiasm balancing his ability as a guard dog along the lines of a miniature Old English Sheepdog. He needs a fairly firm hand but will reward his owners with loyalty and devotion.

Another of the multi-purpose Hunt, Point and Retrieve dogs from Continental Europe. The breed takes its name from the German court of Weimar, where it found much favour, and there is a Van Dyck painting of a dog of the Weimaraner type dated in the early 1600s, though the depicted dog is more hound-like in appearance. The Weimaraner is a tall, rangy dog, somewhat larger than the other members of his group. The colour of his eyes, ranging from shades of amber into blue-grey, is very different from that of the great majority of breeds, but tones in with the very unusual grey of his short sleek coat. Grooming, as with most smooth-coated dogs, is relatively simple. There is a longer-coated variety with hair length up to five centimetres (two inches), but this type has not become popular. The powerful stride of a Weimaraner, like that of many thoroughbreds, gives those who recognise it a great deal of pleasure. With his striking grey coloration and his light eyes, the Weimaraner has increased in popularity with the shooting fraternity and, at the same time, has found a lot of friends as a companion dog. In his early days in Britain there were occasions when his temperament was somewhat stand-offish, but this is now showing a definite improvement.

The two varieties of Corgi came from a common root-stock and were not divided officially until the mid-1930s, but time has led to some variations, which are now more obvious even if not all specifically mentioned in the standards. The Cardigan is thought to be the older of the two varieties of Welsh Corgi, with a history going back to around 1200. It has also been called the Yard Dog, because its length from tip of nose to end of outstretched tail is the measurement for a Welsh yard. The Cardigan allows for more colours of coat than the Pembroke; in fact, it permits any colour so long as white does not predominate. The ears are a trifle larger and set slightly wider in the Cardigan, and the feet should be round rather than oval. The tail, for such a relatively low-set dog, is long, appears heavy and is carried low, nearly reaching the ground when at rest. In terms of temperament, the Cardigan gives the impression of being a more restful character than his cousin, but he is perfectly capable of coming alive whenever he is asked to. He is known as a true companion and worker, capable of fitting into all kinds of lifestyles with the minimum of fuss. It is surprising that such a delightful breed has never achieved the popularity that it deserves.

It is fair to say that life could never be dull with a Pembroke. His prick ears and his lovely sharp face give him an appearance of being interested in everything that is happening. The breed has known periods when occasional characters gave it a bad name by nipping people as well as the heels of cattle, but a clause in the standard states that he is outgoing and friendly and this is a very good description of a dog that is born busy and stays busy throughout its long life. He is possessed of a bark that belies his small stature, and his lungs are clearly built to give him the stamina he needs to do a day's work as a farm dog. In addition, he is nimble enough to duck away from the retaliatory kick of the cow should his herding instincts cause him to lose patience with his charges. His coat is truly dense in its undercoat and it would be difficult to imagine a Pembroke feeling the cold, even though he is very happy to share the 'mod cons' of his owners if he is living the life of a companion dog. Grooming is therefore not a hard task, although his propensity to plough his way through the muck and the mire of a long country walk means that he does not always come home in a state suitable for immediate contact with the best carpet or sofa! Being small in size, he does not need a great deal of food, but that does not mean that he won't eat more than he needs if he's given the chance to indulge himself. All in all, this is a thoroughly practical breed that can live with all sorts of households and add a lot to the fun.

A breed with a truly working background, the Welsh Terrier is perhaps rather less exuberant than some of the other members of his group. As such, he tends to make a very satisfactory house-dog with a love of family companionship. He is a dog with a cheerful spirit and is good with children. Like so many of his cousins, he was originally used in hunting the fox, badger and even otter. He is a neat, workmanlike dog with a tight wiry coat normally of black and tan that is relatively easy to maintain in a clean state with a normal degree of trimming. The Welsh and Lakeland Terriers, which have considerable similarity, may well have had a common origin prior to the Roman invasion of Britain, when their Celtic owners retreated to the Welsh mountains and the Lake District.

One of the most popular of the terrier breeds, the West Highland White has a cheerful, outgoing personality. He makes an ideal companion and playmate for youngsters as he is full of fun and virtually tireless. He is always ready for a walk come snow or shine, and is small enough to pick up and take anywhere. The right size for house or flat, he really is an all-purpose pet. His harsh coat requires regular brushing and combing and it is as well to have him professionally trimmed two or three times a year if you wish him to keep his smart appearance.

There can be few breeds with more delightful charm than the dainty Whippet. Size tends to vary in different countries, although the standard requires an animal standing around the 51-centimetre (20-inch) mark, but no matter the size, the essence is in the balance of muscularity with neatness, power with elegance. Carrying a short, fine coat, cleanliness is the Whippet's hallmark and it is easy to get him tidy enough for the house within a very short time after returning from a country walk in winter. The description of his temperament in the official standard " 'gentle' and 'affectionate' " is a considerable understatement; he loves the company of mankind and is equally at home in castle or cottage. Light enough to pick up when necessary, but spirited enough to spend a day on exercise, with a tremendous turn of speed over short distances, he represents one of the most deservingly popular of all the sporting dogs. Many have found great pleasure in owning racing Whippets, especially in the northeast of England. As races often had to be in alleyways between the houses, the dogs developed into 'straight racers'. Some could cover just over 180 metres (200 yards) in as little as 12 seconds.

As a show dog in all the glory of his full coat, he draws the eye like a magnet. When he is kept purely as a pet, his coat is unlikely to achieve such magnificence, as the time required for proper care is rarely available. In either walk of life, he is well aware of his importance, and displays this in his carriage and bearing. The Yorkshire Terrier comes from the same area as the Airedale and was first seen around the 1850s. The old Black and Tan Terrier is behind the Yorkshire, together with other breeds such as the Maltese and the Skye Terrier. The current name was accepted in 1870. His terrier-like qualities include a hunting instinct, be it for a toy in the house or a rodent in the garden. He enjoys all sorts of games, and appreciates a good walk. He is a hardy character, and although often very pampered, this is not of his choosing.